Research

Question 1

Describe dependent variable

Answer 1

AKA the outcome variable is the measure in which you are interested as the outcome of researcher i.e. Study factors influenceing exclusive breast-feeding ( breastfeeding is the dependent variable)

Question 2

What is the independent variable

Answer 2

AKA the explanatory variable - measures used to explain the variaation in the outcome ( ie maternal age, counseling, birth weight etc)

Question 3

NO relationship between dependent and independent variables is called ……….

Answer 3

A null hypothesis ( researcher must find the proof)

Question 4

What is the P value

Answer 4

the probability of seeing your research result based on chance alone.

Question 5

Explain P<.05

Answer 5

If the null hypothesis is correct you would see a result like this BY CHANCE less then 5% of the time Meaning the results were not by chance and that the research was statistically significant.

Question 6

Interpret P<.001

Answer 6

P<..001 less then .1 % chance

all are statistically significant.

Question 7

How would you determine that research was NOT statistically significant

Answer 7

Any study that has a P value greater then 5%

P<.20 and you would then conclude a null hypothesis– there is no statistically significant differnce or relationship

Question 8

What is the power of a study?

Answer 8

This refers to how likely you will find a real diffence if it exists given your sample size. Power should be 80% or more

Question 9

Clinical significance ?

Answer 9

If the study has a clinical impact ( often seen in a large sample size resulting in only a small diffence due to large numbers but would have implact clinically)

Question 10

what is Odds ratio

Answer 10

the odds of getting a disease in an exposed group compared to unexposed group ( # of times it happened divided by # of times did NOT happen)

Question 11

For odds ratio or RR (relative risk ratio) how do you measure significance

Answer 11

1 means there is the same risk, >1 =bigger risk and <1 smaller risk. Often measured with 95% CI (confidence interval)

Question 12

Explain confidence interval (CI)

Answer 12

if CI includes 1 then NS ( not statistically significant) (ie
If 95% CI 0.9-1.5 this would be NS because 1 is included in the range
95%CI 1.3-1.5 does NOT include “1” so therefor this would be statistically significant.

Question 13

Determine significance if RR 1.4 (95%CI 1.2-1.6)

Answer 13

This is statisically significant because the

RR is >1 and the CI does not include 1

Question 14

Describe relative risk

Answer 14

Risk ration comparing 2 groups - what is the risk for diseae for the exposed group compared to the unexposed group

Question 15

What is difference between cross sectional study or longitudinal study

Answer 15

cross sectional - one point in time

longitudinal - over a period of time

Question 16

What is external validity

Answer 16

If the results of the study are generalizable to the settings beyond the study itself

Question 17

Survey instruments measure from various sources- what are two criteria to determine effectiveness

Answer 17

Reliability and validity

Question 18

What is a “type 2 “ error in a study

Answer 18

When a study concludes that there is not difference ( null hypotheses is correct) even though there really was a difference at the population levels

Question 19

two types of research design

Answer 19

descritptive and analytical

Question 20

if a research design is analytical and there is artifical manipulation involved then this is call

Answer 20

experimentation

Question 21

If women have sore nipples and are randomly assigned two types of nipple cream and are followed to see which is the fastest healing- what type of study woul this be

Answer 21

randomized control study

Question 22

2 similar hospital sites are chosen and one begins a new rooming in policy intervetnion while the other does not. In hospital breastfeeding rates are measured to see if the policy had a effect. choosing tow similar sites makes this __________

Answer 22

a quasi experimental comparison group

Question 23

Information collected concurrently at ONE point in time refers to

Answer 23

a cross sectional study. the results of a cross sectional study implies association of the factors NOT one factor causing the other factor. ie low income associated with low breast feeding rates studied at one point in time

Question 24

Information collected over a time period is

Answer 24

a longitudinal study

Question 25

3 types of longitudinal studies

Answer 25

case controlled, cohort and time series

Question 26

a cohort study

Answer 26

following information forward in time from exposure to disease to see effect

Question 27

case control study

Answer 27

go backward from disease to exposure.compare people with and without disease ( diabetes) and past exposure or risk factors ( i.e. breastfeeding status or eating patterns

Question 28

time series study

Answer 28

measure rates of a population over time to determine trends

ie -Increased breast feeding rates for community with baby friendly hospitals.