Research

Question 1

Levels of Evidence (Hierarchy)

Answer 1

Systematic Reviews/Meta analysis
RCT
Cohort Studies
Case Control Studies
Cross-Sectional Studies
Case Series
Case Reports
Ideas/Opinions

Question 2

Systematic Review

Answer 2

comprehensive review of medical literature

Question 3

Meta-Analysis

Answer 3

systematic review that uses stats to estimate the effect size by combining results of RCT’s
minimizes small sample problems from smaller studies

Question 4

Randomized controlled trial

Answer 4

experimental research to assess effect of specific intervention compared to control condition

Question 5

Cohort

Answer 5

observational study to follow individuals with risk factor/exposure to compare occurrence of disease in exposed group vs unexposed.
measured by the relative risk: ratio of incidence rate of exposed to control

Question 6

Case control

Answer 6

observational study to assess individuals w/ disease are matched with a comparison group of individuals without disease. History of exposure is recorded and compared. Control group provides estimate of frequency and amount of exposure in subjects in the population without being studied

Question 7

Cross-Sectional

Answer 7

observational study where data/observations are only recorded at one point in time, subjects are tested at the same time. To describe relationships between a disease or condition and factors of interest at that given time

Question 8

Case report/case series

Answer 8

Case report = in-depth description of individual’s condition or response to treatment

Case series = collection of observations of similar cases

Can only be used to make theories and hypothesis for future research

Question 9

List scale of measurements

Answer 9

Nominal
Ordinal
Interval
Ratio

Question 10

Nominal

Answer 10

Classification scale
Qualitative
Ex) blood type, type of breath sound, type of arthritis

Question 11

Ordinal

Answer 11

Ranking scale
Intervals b/t may not be equal or known
Ex) MMT grades, levels of assistance, pain, joint laxity

Question 12

Interval

Answer 12

Intervals are equal but no true zero point
Ex) temperature, development tests, functional tests

Question 13

Ratio

Answer 13

Intervals are equal and has a true zero point
Ex) ROM, distance walked, time to complete activity, nerve conduction velocity (m/s)

Question 14

Define reliability

Answer 14

Reproducibility or repeatability of measurements

Question 15

Intrarater reliablility

Answer 15

Repeated measures by SAME person over time

Question 16

Interrater reliability

Answer 16

Measures made by more than one person

Question 17

Test-Retest Reliability

Answer 17

Repeated measures made by same individual on separate occasions

Question 18

Single blind testing

Answer 18

Subjects don’t know hypothesis or assigned group

Question 19

Double blind testing

Answer 19

Subjects and members of research don’t know hypothesis and assigned group

Question 20

Triple blind testing

Answer 20

Subject, members, and data analyzers don’t know hypothesis and assigned group

Question 21

Sensitivity

Answer 21

% of people to test positive for a specific disease among group of people who have the disease

Question 22

Specificity

Answer 22

% of people who test negative for a specific disease among group of people who don’t have the disease

Question 23

SpPin

Answer 23

A test with HIGH SPECIFICITY = a positive diagnostic test rules IN diagnosis

Question 24

SnNout

Answer 24

A test with HIGH SENSITIVITY = a negative diagnostic test rules OUT diagnosis