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biology > Reptiles and Birds Test > Flashcards

Reptiles and Birds Test Flashcards

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1
Q

The first reptile fossil dates back to

A

carboniferous period

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2
Q

Age of the reptiles

A

Meszoic Era

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3
Q

Adaptive Radiation

A

diversification of a species or single ancestral type into several forms that are each adaptively specialized to evolve to exploit a new niche or resourse

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4
Q

Habitat

A

where an animal lives

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5
Q

Niche

A

the role they play in that system

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6
Q

Two types of dinosaurs

A
  1. Ornithischian (bird-hipped)
  2. Saruischia (lizard-hipped)
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7
Q

Bird Hipped

A

ornithischian, when the hip bones are arranged so that the pubis and ischium point down towards the tail

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8
Q

Lizard Hipped

A

saurischia, when the hip bones are aranged so that the pubis points downward and forward at an angle to the ishium

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9
Q

Two catagories of Saurishcia

A
  1. Sauropoda
  2. Theropoda`
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10
Q

Sauropoda

A

large herbivores

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11
Q

Theropoda

A

bipedal carnivores

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12
Q

Which hips do current birds have

A

Theropod (lizard-hipped)(saurichia)

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13
Q

Archaeopteryx

A

bird-like winged dinosaur

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14
Q

How many mass extinctions

A

5

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15
Q

Ectotherms

A

animals rely on behavior to control the body temp bc their muscle activity depends on chemical reactions that run quickly when it’s hot and slow when cold

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16
Q

How many alveoli does a frog have

A

more than amphibians which allows for a larger area of gas exchange

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17
Q

Diaphragmatic muscles

A

expands to the lungs. it contracts upon inhalation and flattens and the chest cavity enlarges

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18
Q

Intercostal Muscle(reptiles)

A

located between the ribs and used for respiration

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19
Q

How many atriums does a reptile heart have

A

2

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20
Q

Cerebrum and Cerebellum

A

more developed than other parts of the brain

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21
Q

Cerebral (reptiles

A

the part of the brain which contains learning

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22
Q

Jacobson Organ

A

the thing at the top of a snake’s mouth and sticks its tongue in it and it interprets smells and things like that

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23
Q

The type of eardrum that reptiles have

A

external eardrum

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24
Q

Pit organs

A

contain a membrane that can detect infrared radiation from warm bodies up to one meter away

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25
Q

How do reptiles give birth

A

reptiles are ovivparous

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26
Q

The type of egg that reptiles lay

A

amniotic eggs

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27
Q

4 membranse of an amniotic egg

A
  1. amnion
  2. yolk sac
  3. chorion
  4. allantois
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28
Q

Amnion

A

a fluid-filled sac that surrounds and cushions the developing embryo

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29
Q

Yolk Sac

A

contains the yolk that serves as a nutrient-rich food supply for the embryo. egg yolk is one of the few foods w/ natural vitamin D

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30
Q

Chorion

A

regulates the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide. the eggshell has tiny pores that allow oxygen to enter the egg and CO2 to leave

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31
Q

Air Sac

A

provides space for the reptile to break the shell and provide oxygen to start the process of growing

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32
Q

Allantois (3 main funtions)

A
  1. collect the excretion from the embryonic kidneys (gets rid of urine)
  2. absorbs calcium from the shell for structural needs of the embryo
  3. it absorbs albumen which serves as nutrients (protein) for the embryo
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33
Q

The four surviving groups of reptiles are

A
  1. lizards and snakes
  2. crocodilians
  3. turtles and tortoises
  4. tuatara
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34
Q

Lizards

A

external ears, movable eyelids

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35
Q

Snakes

A

immovable eyelids, no external eardrums

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36
Q

How many species of lizards are there today

A

approximately 3800 species

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37
Q

Komodo Dragons

A

largest living lizard lives on islands, uses camoflaouge, smells meat 2.5 miles away, the mouth has 50 strains of bacteria, sometimes eats the young, kills creatures 10x their size

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38
Q

How many venomous lizards are there

A

3

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39
Q

Gila monster

A

largest lizard native to the US feeds primarily on eggs, they don’t need to eat very often because they keep fat in their tails, Gila monsters have evolved urine bladders that serve as reservoirs storing up water

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40
Q

Mexican Bearded Lizard

A

found in mexico and southern guatemala, the venom of this lizard has been found to contain several enzymes that can help w/ diabetes, it stimulates the secretion of insulin, not venomous enough to kill but can cause serious pain

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41
Q

Frilled Lizards

A

uses its frill to scare off predators, lives in, lives in Australia, nickname “bicycle lizard”, they run from predators

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42
Q

Yellow-Backed spiny lizards

A

the male does push-ups to defend their territory and look bigger than they are

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43
Q

Southern Desert Horned Lizard

A

when they feel threatened the lizards squirt blood from their eyes to scare predators. The blood doesn’t taste good to the animals and the predators will drop them

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44
Q

Horned Lizard

A

knows the difference between lizard-eating snakes and egg-eating snakes, when they see egg eating they will fight but when they see lizard eating they will puff up

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45
Q

what do crocodiles mouth look like

A

have long v snouts, when they close their mouth all you can see is their top teeth because their upper jaw is bigger than the lower jaw

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46
Q

what do alligators mouth look like

A

rounded u snouts, when they close their mouth you can see a lot of their teeth because their jaws are roughly the same size

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47
Q

Where crocodiles live

A

live where it’s warm and in either fresh or saltwater, native to Africa, India, and Southeast Asia

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48
Q

Where gators live

A

can be found all along the east coast

49
Q

TRPV4

A

a thermosensitive protein that is in the developing alligator and helps determine the gender

50
Q

what are the temps to be a female

A

below 30C/86F

51
Q

what are the temps to be a male

A

above 33.9C/93F

52
Q

temps in between result in

A

in a mix of the two genders

53
Q

Water Hiccups

A

birds that lay their eggs near the crocodiles and act as the first line of defense for the crocodiles and

54
Q

Tortoises Carapace

A

is generally higher and more dome-shaped than turtles

55
Q

Turtles Carapace

A

is flatter to help it sim better it helps them glide through the water.

56
Q

Tortotsieses feet

A

short and stump legs and feet

57
Q

Turtles feet

A

longer legs than tortoises and falt feel with claws and webbed toes for digging and swimming

58
Q

Two parts of a tortoise and turtle shell

A

dorsal part (carapace) ventral part (plastron) in between is the bridge

59
Q

The 3 layers of a turtle shell

A
  1. layer of cartilaginous bones that form the shape of broadened ribs
  2. this is then covered by a layer of membrane bones of scales
  3. scutes are layers made of keratin
60
Q

Terrapin

A

a turtle that lives in freshwater and sometimes in saltwater, don’t have legs, they are carnivores and eats birds and hunt in groups

61
Q

Box turtles

A

recently endangered because of habitat loss, can’t see when in shell, only in water when cooling off, poor eyesight, and slow

62
Q

how to tell gender in box turtles

A

red eyes: male dark eyes: female they are the only turtles like that

63
Q

Why were turtles on boats

A

they were carried on ships as a source of meat because they could live without water and then they would kill them and get fresh meat

64
Q

Matamata

A

a camouflaged turtle that blends in with the fallen leaves ar the pond

65
Q

Pancake Turtle

A

hides in rock because they are so flat

66
Q

Cold Painted Slider

A

don’t breathe and their heart doesn’t beat but they can survive the winter and they thaw out when the winter ends.

67
Q

Alligator snapping turtle

A

has an appendage on its tounge that wiggles and attracts fish like bait

68
Q

Tuatara

A

only found on a few islands of New Zealand. they lack an external tympanic eardrum but they can still hear. they have a middle ear cavity with stares they also have a third eye, and they also change color over their lifetime

69
Q

what does the third eye in tuatara do

A

it has a retina and lens but it doesn’t form formal images.
1. used to regulate hormones
2. used as a sun-calibrated compass

70
Q

What is the defining characteristic of the birds

A

feathers

71
Q

Where do feathers develop from

A

pits in the birds skin

72
Q

How are feathers organized

A

in linear tracts (pterylae)

73
Q

what are the spaces on a bird’s body that don’t have feather tracts

A

apteria

74
Q

3 main types of feathers

A
  1. contour feathers
  2. down feathers
  3. filoplumes
75
Q

Contour feathers

A

the outermost feathers (provivde color and shape) help control body heat, each feather is controlled by specialized muscles which control the position of the feathers

76
Q

Rachis

A

the central shaft where the areas to which vanes are connected

77
Q

Calamus

A

the part of the shaft closest to the bird’s body (hollow)

78
Q

Outer Vane

A

the leading edge of the feather during flight

79
Q

Inner Vane

A

the opposite vane, wider than the outer vane

80
Q

Barbs

A

series of parallel branches (make-up vanes)

81
Q

Barbules

A

tiny hooks that tie the barbs together

82
Q

Down Feathers

A

in down feathers the ranchis is missing or reduced in length, the barbules lock hook when combined with the franchise and it results in a very soft and fluffier feather. help regulate body temp and lay under contour feathers

83
Q

Powder Down Feathers

A

never molted and grow continuously but they disintegrate at the tips into a fine talcum-like powder. the powder helps waterproof birds and increase buoyancy also trap air and insulate

84
Q

Filoplumes

A

very fine hair-like feathers with a long shaft and only a few barbs at the tip, they think it has a sensory function that helps adjust the position of contour feathers in response to air pressure

85
Q

What was the first bird-like fossil discovered

A

Archaeopteryx

86
Q

Characteristics of Archaeopteryx

A
  1. reptilian face, wing claw, long tail with vertebrates (reptile features)
  2. airfoil wings with contour feathers (bird features)
87
Q

How are birds endotherms

A

they have a very high rate of metabolism which produces heat and creates energy very fast

88
Q

Normal body temp for a bird

A

usually 7-8 degrees hotter than humans (41C/106F)

89
Q

What happens if the bird is too cold

A

the bird will freeze and die (below 16.6C/62F)

90
Q

What happens if it is too cold (birds)

A

the bird gets stressed to lose heat and its metabolism speeds up and it overheats and dies (above 33C/92F)

91
Q

Why are birds constantly eating

A

because they have to be constantly making more energy and they get it by eating lots

92
Q

Insect-eating birds and their beak

A

short thin bills that pick ants and insects off leaves and branches

93
Q

Seed eating birds

A

have short thick beaks

94
Q

carnivorous birds

A

shred their prey with strong hookbill

95
Q

Crop

A

is a structure at the lower end of the esophagus where food is stored and moistened (during nutrients it produces food for babies)

96
Q

2 part stomach where food goes (birds)

A

1 chamber (secretes acid and enzymes)
2 chamber (gizzard)

97
Q

Gizzard

A

a muscular organ that helps in the mechanical breakdown of food and birds swallow stones to help with the digestion process

98
Q

Where does the food go after the stomach (birds)

A

the intestines and then the cloaca

99
Q

How does air flow in birds

A

in a single direction

100
Q

Air sacs

A

store air and act like bellows which allows a one-way flow of air

101
Q

2 things the one-way flow of air helps with

A
  1. constantly exposes the lungs to oxygen-rich air this helps maintain a high metabolic rate
  2. provides efficient extraction of oxygen which enables birds to fly at high altitudes where air is thin
102
Q

How many chambers does a bird’s heart have

A

4

103
Q

Two circulatory loops of the bird’s heart

A
  1. oxygen-poor blood from the body to the lungs
  2. oxygen-rich blood returns from the lungs to the rest of the body
104
Q

Birds have a great…

A

cerebrum that quickly interprets signals for flying

105
Q

Birds have a bad…

A

olfactory bulb

106
Q

What is the measure of vision

A

acuity

107
Q

Bird eyes make up how much of their heads

A

15% ,human eyes make up 2%

108
Q

where are eyes located on birds

A

on the sides and they can’t roll their eyes so they have to turn their heads to see

109
Q

what type of vision do birds have

A

don’t have binocular vision (when both pictures from both eyes are put together to make one) which makes judging distance hard.

110
Q

What do birds have to protect their eyes

A

nictitating membranes

111
Q

Cerebellum (birds)

A

coordinates the movements of the wings and legs and is larger in birds than in reptiles

112
Q

Medulla Obalngata

A

controls automatic functions, relays never signals between the brain and spinal cord

113
Q

3 parts of flight

A
  1. Take off from the ground or perch
  2. sustained powered flight
  3. landing
114
Q

Pectoral Muscles

A

largest, most powerful muscles in a flying bird’s body

115
Q

how many orders of birds

A

30

116
Q

passerines

A

the largest (perching birds)

117
Q

Anseriformes

A

aquatic birds have three toed feet with the toes linking together by webbing

118
Q

Columbiformes

A

313 species, found worldwide, many species of pigeons and doves, eat primarily seeds fruits and leaves, capable of drinking by sucking and don’t need to tilt head

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