Animal Classification Flashcards
Taxonomy
The ordering and naming of organisms which was created by Carl Linnaeus.
2 key features in his system that are still used today
two-part names for organisms, heirchrachical classification
Two part scientific name of an organism is called
the binomial nomenclature
2 parts of the binomial nomenclature
the first part of the name is the genus and the second part is the specific epithet (species)
Genus
group of closely related species (ex. urus=bear-all kinds)
Specific Epithet
identifies the species within that gens (ex. urus americanis=black bears)
The taxonomic groups from broad to narrow introduced by Linnaeus
Domain, Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
6 kingdom system of classification introduced in 1990s
Animili and Plante were first, then fungi, protisia, eubacteria, & archaebacteria
3 Domaines
bacteria-> archaebacteria, archae-> eubacteria, eukarya-> all the rest
Classification leading to humans
animila-> chordate-> vertebrates (amphibians, birds, mammals, fish, reptiles) and invertebrates (sponges, sea anemones, bugs)
What are the 4 things needed to be a member of the chordate phylum?
- Notochord 2. Doral hollow nerve cord 3. Pharyngeal slits of clefs 4. Muscular post-anal tail
Notochord
a flexible, cartilaginous rod in the back of the animal’s back. between the digestive tube and the nerve cord. provides skeletal support and is a flexible structure that muscles can work. In humans, it is reduced to disks between vertebraes
2 parts to a disk
- outer annulus fibrosis(resist compression) 2. nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disc (provide shock absorption during movement)
a Dorsal hollow nerve cord
in vertebrates, the nerve cord is called the spinal cord and it grows a brain on the end while it is an embryo
what percent of all chordate species are vertebrates
96%
Pharyngeal pouches
behind the mouth is the pharynx, in chordate embryos a series of pouches are separated by grooves that form along the sides of the pharynx
Pharyngeal slits
in some chordates, the grooves develop into slits that open to the outside of the body (modified for gas exchange)
Muscular, post-anal tail
at some point in their lives, all chordates have a tail
types of invertebrates
tunicates, lancelets
Tunicates
adult tunicates are stationary and look like small sacks, they attach to boats and rocks and are common on coral reefs.
Tunicate Larva v.s. adults
a swimming tadpole-like organism that has all four things and mature extremely quickly but the adults are firm and don’t move and they only have pharyngeal slits
The sole job of tunicate larva
to find a suitable place to live out there lives as adults
Tunicate life cycle
They reabsorb all the structures within their tail and use them to build new structures for their adult life
how tunicates get food
Seawater enters through the top and passes through the pharyngeal slits and exits back into the ocean through the siphon. they have a heart that pumps blood and food particles are trapped in the net of mucus that then go to the intestine (plankton feeders)
Lancelets
Small fish-like creatures that live on Sandy Ocean Floors
How lancelets get food
When feeding a lancelet wriggles backward into the sand with its head sticking out. water enters the mouth and passes through the pharynx. a sticky mucus catches food particles. then swallow to the digestive tract.
Lancets do not have
a true heart (the walls of major blood vessels contract to push blood through the body
The first vertebrates to evolve
ostracoderm (appeared during the Cambrian [a.k.a Cambrian explosion] period and went extinct at the end of the Devonian period)
ostracoderm
jawless invertebrates
Next major changes
During the Solarian period, fish developed scales and sharp spiny fins
jaws developed when
in the Ordovician period and is seen as the most important evolution
osteichthyans
evolved near the end of the Silurian period
Hagfish
the snotty fish
Lampreys
the fish with the giant teeth that latch on to you and suck the nutrients out
Devonian Period
the age of fish when fish evolved pairs of posterior fins (pectoral anterior fins)
Girdles
the bones that allowed fish to walk
Mudskipper
the first walking fish that walked on their girdles. they also breather air. eat tiny plants and they live underground and they lay their eggs in an underground compartment and they have to bring them air.
3 main groups of fish
- ancestors of anything with paralagionous body (sharks and rays) 2. evolved skeleton made of true bone 3. jawless (lampreys and hagfish) not true teeth or jaws (enamel, dentin, cementum)
5 sort of 6 modes of eating
herbivores (eats plants) carnivores (eats meat-sharks barracuda) parasitic (eats nutrients out of someone- lampreys) filter feeders (separate food from water- whales) detritus (eat dead/decaying animals- goldfish, hagfish) some fish will eat anything they can
How fish eat
they swallow things whole and do not chew things
