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biology > Plant Test > Flashcards

Plant Test Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

3 principal organs of seed plants

A
  1. roots
  2. stems
  3. leaves
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2
Q

3 main tissue systems

A
  1. dermal tissue
  2. vascular tissue
  3. ground tissue
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3
Q

Dermal tissue

A

the outer covering of a plant which consists of epidermal cells, protects the plant from water loss and injury

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4
Q

what makes up dermal tissue

A

epidermal cells

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5
Q

Cuticle

A

non-cellular protective layer produced by epidermal cells

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6
Q

Trichomes

A

a projection that helps protect the leaf and also give it a fuzzy appearance

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7
Q

Guard Cells

A

regulate water loss and gas exchange

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8
Q

Root Hair Cells

A

provide a large amount of surface area and aid in water absorption

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9
Q

Vascular Tissue

A

forms a transport system that moves water and nutrients throughout a plant

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10
Q

What is vascular tissue consist of (2 things)

A
  1. xylem
  2. phloem
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11
Q

Xylem

A

a water-conducting tissue

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12
Q

Phloem

A

a food-conducting tissue

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13
Q

Two types of xylem cells

A

1.tracheids
2.xylem vessel

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14
Q

Tracheids

A

hollow thick cell walls that resist pressure (mostly in gymnosperms)

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15
Q

Xylem Vessel

A

is a series of cells arranged in a way that enables rapid and more efficient water and mineral conduction (mostly in angiosperms)

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16
Q

The phloem contains…(2 things)

A

sieve tube element and companion cells

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17
Q

Sieve tube

A

phloem cells joined end-to-end to form sieve tubes (the conducting element of the phloem)

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18
Q

Phloem

A

transports solutions of nutrients and carbs produced by photo

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19
Q

Companion Cells

A

phloem cells that surround sieve tube elements. they support the phloem cells and aid in the movement of substances moving sugar and amino acids in and out

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20
Q

Gymnosperm

A

seeds are not formed inside a fruit (naked seeds) typically in colder environments, develop needle-like leaves, the xylem does not have vessels and the phloem has no companion cells and sieve tubes

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21
Q

Angiosperms

A

seeds are found in flowers (flowering plants) they bear seeds that are enclosed and protected by the fruit, and make up a majority of plants on Earth, can survive in a variety of habitats including marine habitats

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22
Q

Ground Tissue

A

cells that lie between dermal and vascular tissue that make up the ground tissues

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23
Q

3 types of ground tissue

A
  1. parenchyma
  2. collenchyma
  3. sclerenchyma
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24
Q

Parenchyma

A

in leaves, they form the mesophyll layer and are responsible for photo, in roots they aid in storage of starch, protein, fats, oil, and water

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25
Q

Collenchyma

A

provide structural support allowing for easy bending without breakage, (not usually in roots)they are composed of living elongated cells with thick cellulose walls (the strings in celery stick) usually found under the epidermis

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26
Q

Sclerenchyma

A

the principal supporting cells that help maintain position, shape, and form, form protective coverings around seeds, mature sclerenchyma cells are dead + have secondary cell walls thickened with cellulose and a lot of ligin

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27
Q

Ligin

A

a compound found in the cell walls of plants, it binds with cellulose to make sturdy strong cell walls more ligin=the woodier it becomes

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28
Q

Meristems

A

a cluster of tissues that is responsible for continuing growth through a plant lifetime produces new cells by mitosis

29
Q

2 types of meristems

A
  1. apical meristems
  2. lateral meristems
30
Q

Apical meristems

A

near the tip of each growing stem and root, a group of undifferentiated cells divide to produce increased lengths of stems and roots

31
Q

Lateral meristems

A

aka secondary growth cause an increase in stem growth(width)

32
Q

Two main types of roots

A
  1. tap roots
  2. fibrous roots
33
Q

Tap roots

A

mainly found in dicots, the primary root is long and thick, secondary roots are small, they store sugar or starches

34
Q

Fibrous roots

A

mainly found in monocots, lots of little roots (not one big one), prevent topsoil erosion

35
Q

Monocots

A

seed: the leafy portion of the embryo stores nutrients stem: vascular bundles scattered in the stem leaf: leaf veins form a parallel pattern flower: flower parts in trees and multiples of threes

36
Q

Dicots

A

seed: the leafy portion of the embryo stores nutrients stem: vascular bundles in a distinct ring leaf: veins form a net pattern (V) flower: flower parts in four or fives and their multiples

37
Q

Nitrogen (role and deficiency)

A

role: proper leaf growth and color
deficiency: stunted growth, yellow leaves

38
Q

Potassium (role and deficiency)

A

role: synthesis of proteins resistance to cold and disease
deficiency: weak stems, leaf edges turn brown

39
Q

Magnesium (role and deficiency)

A

role: synthesis of chlorophyll
deficiency: thin stems, pale leaves

40
Q

Calcium (role and deficiency)

A

role: cell wall structure/enzyme action
deficiency: stunted growth/curled leaves

41
Q

Two ways water travels through roots

A
  1. symplastic
  2. apoplastic
42
Q

Symplastic

A

through the cell

43
Q

Apoplastic

A

extracellular spaces along the cell wall

44
Q

Casprian Strip

A

prevents apoplastic flow into the vascular tube

45
Q

Root Pressure

A

is when water moves from the cortex and flows into the vascular cylinder and more water gets forced upward through the root in the stem

46
Q

Transpiration

A

the loss of water from leaves and other parts of a plant

47
Q

2 properties of water before transpiration

A
  1. cohesion
  2. adhesion
48
Q

Cohesion

A

the sticking together of molecules of the same kind (hydrogen bonds sticking together to make H20)

49
Q

Adhesion

A

the sticking together of molecules of different kinds (when water adheres to molecules of the vascular tissue cell walls

50
Q

How do guard cells close and open

A

potassium

51
Q

how much of the water is used for photo

A

1%

52
Q

what is phloem sap

A

a sugar solution that is the product of photo and is transported by the phloem

53
Q

Sugar source

A

any part of the plants that produces sugar by photo

54
Q

Phloem path (where it goes)

A

sugar source-> sugar sink

55
Q

sugar sink

A

any part of the plant that consumes of stores sugar

56
Q

Cotyledons

A

are the first leaf proudces by plants. not considered true leafs and are sometimes referred to as seed leaves, because they are part of the seed embryo of the plant

57
Q

Plumule

A

the part of the embryo which develops into the shoot and has the first true leaves in both mono and dicot plants

58
Q

Hypocotyl

A

enable the seedling to reach sunlight it becomes the stem (first to see the sun)

59
Q

Radicle or primary root

A

the first organ to appear when a seed germinates, the embryonic root, absorbs water+nutritents+supplies for the leave

60
Q

3 main functions of the stem

A

1.produce leaves,branches, flower
2. they hold up leaves to the sunlight
3. they transport substances between roots and leaves

61
Q

innernode

A

region between node to node

62
Q

Node

A

the place where leaves attach

63
Q

Buds

A

contain underdeveloped tissue that can produce new stems and leaves

64
Q

Petiole

A

able to twist the leaf to face the sun

65
Q

Leaflets

A

(individual leaves) are attached to a stemline structure called rachis

66
Q

Blades

A

used to collect sunlight, most leaves have thin flattened sections called blades

67
Q

Zone of elongation

A

where root cells are growing bigger

68
Q

Zone of maturation

A

where root cells are being differentiated

biology (6 decks)

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