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RUSVM Special Species- Summer '18 > Reptiles > Flashcards

Reptiles Flashcards

Lecture Notes

1
Q

What is the difference in turtles, tortoises and terrapins?

A

Turtles: water
Tortoises: dry land
Terrapins: brackish areas (marsh)

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2
Q

What is appendix 1?

A

Animals that are classified in this are only allowed for research/conservation trade import/export permits

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3
Q

T/F: Ectotherms can’t regulate their own body temp

A

TRUE

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4
Q

What is the anatomical structure that protects the body, aids in locomotion and allows moisture to be retained?

A

Scales/scutes

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5
Q

What species has scutes?

A

Crocodiles and chelonians

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6
Q

What is the term for shedding?

A

Ecdysis

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7
Q

What factors contribute to dysecdysis?

A

inappropriate closures/humidity, significant scarring, dehydration

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8
Q

What is the difference in UVA and UVB lighting?

A

UVA- behavior

UVB- necessary for production of Vitamin D3 within skin

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9
Q

What substrates can be used in enclosures?

A

Newspaper, paper towel, astroturf, gravel, aspen shavings, playsand, recycled paper pellets

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10
Q

How do we know the prey of snakes are okay to feed?

A

No larger than the girth, pre-killed prey preferred

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11
Q

How do we know if the prey of lizards are okay to feed?

A

No larger than the width of th ehead

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12
Q

Which insects can cause impacitons in lizards?

A

Crickets and mealworms

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13
Q

Parsley, spinach and chives are rich in what?

A

Oxalates (oxalic acid) –> can bind Ca and reduce absorption leading to Goiter

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14
Q

What should be included in a patient diary?

A

Feeding schedule, weight, stool production, ecdysis

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15
Q

What is the name for the copulatory organs?

A

Hemipenes
Males-paired
Females- single

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16
Q

How do you tell the difference from a male and female tortoise?

A

Male: concave plastron and longer tail

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17
Q

What is the difference in male vs. female red eared sliders?

A

Males have longer tails and claws

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18
Q

What is important to understand when restraining a reptile?

A

They don’t have diaphragms

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19
Q

How do you hold a snake?

A

Place index finger and thumb around mandible

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20
Q

What is the handler rule for snakes?

A

1 handler per every 3 ft. of body length

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21
Q

What predisposes snakes to alantoaxial subluxation?

A

Single occipital condyle

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22
Q

What happens when a lizard gets stressed?

A

Tail autotomy- the tail will fall off and will regrow as a cartilaginous structure

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23
Q

How do you hold a medium sized lizard?

A

Cradle tail base under armpit and put body/head along forearm

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24
Q

Which reptiles have complete tracheal rings and which ones have incomplete tracheal rings?

A

Complete: crocs and chelonians
Incomplete: snakes and lizards

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25
Q

Which air sac does gas exchange take place in reptiles?

A

Cranial air sac

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26
Q

What is particular about snake lungs?

A

They only have one lung (L typically absent)

Males will sometimes have a vestigial L lung lobe

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27
Q

Since a stethoscope cannot be used on chelonians- how can you listen to the HR and rhythm?

A

Doppler probe at thoracic inlet

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28
Q

How many chambers do reptile hearts have?

A

3

Crocs have 4

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29
Q

Which species have external ears?

A

Lizards and crocs

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30
Q

Which species have external tympanum?

A

Chelonians and lizards

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31
Q

What is commonly seen in turtles in reference to their ears?

A

Aural abscesses

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32
Q

Which species have inner ears?

A

Snakes

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33
Q

Which species has eyelids fused over eyes to form a transparent membrane?

A

SNakes

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34
Q

T/F: Reptiles have NO consensual PLR

A

TRUE

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35
Q

What color should the mm be?

A

Pink- can check cloaca if you can’t see in mouth

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36
Q

What is the name of the vomernasal organ that opens directly into the mouth and is innervated by the olfactory nerve?

A

Jacobson’s Organ

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37
Q

Which species has well developed oral mucous glands?

A

Snakes

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38
Q

How many rows of teeth do venomous teeth vs. non venomous teeth have?

A

Venomous- 2 rows

Non-venomous- 4 rows

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39
Q

What kind of beaks do leatherbacks have?

A

Maxillary cusps (helps grab jellyfish)

40
Q

What is the keratin structure found in all sea turtles?

A

Esophageal Papillae

41
Q

Which species continuously shed vs. periodically shed?

A

Continuous: crocs and chelonians
Periodic: squamates

42
Q

What is the name of the top vs. bottom shell on a chelonian?

A

Top: carapace (thoracic ribs fuse to form this)
Bottom: plastron (abdominal ribs fuse to form this)

43
Q

What are the three parts that make up the cloaca?

A

Coprodeum: fecal material comes from colon
Urodeum: ureters from bladder, repro
Proctodeum: urine and feces mix here

44
Q

What is the name for when reptiles give birth to live young?

A

Viviparous

45
Q

What is the term for species producing young by means of eggs that are hatched within the body of the parent

A

Ovoviviparous

46
Q

What are the anticoagulants of choice?

A

Lithium and Sodium Heparin

47
Q

What causes RBC lysis in chelonians?

A

EDTA

48
Q

What are the 6 areas you can take blood from?

A 
Jugular (not good spot for chelonians since they can retract their heads)
Coccygeal
Brachial
Subcarapacial
Interdigital vein
Dorsal cervical sinus
49
Q

What is the site of venipuncture that can have lymph contamination?

A

Subcarapacial

50
Q

What is the gold standard venipuncture site for chelonians?

A

Dorsal cervical sinus

51
Q

What is the gold standard site of venipuncture for lizards and snakes?

A

Caudal vein

52
Q

What is the catabolic end product for nitrogen elimination?

A

Uric acid

53
Q

What is the normal Ca:P ratio?

A

2:1

54
Q

What are causes of hypocalcemia?

A

Lack of dietary intake and lack of UVB lighting

55
Q

What biochem values are good to evaluate in a patient with liver disease?

A

AST

If elevated CK and AST-think muscle
CK normal and AST high-think liver

56
Q

What is the most common fecal examination method?

A

Flotation

Use sedimentation for trematode eggs

57
Q

What are the routine rad views for chelonians?

A

Dorsoventral
Lateral
Craniocaudal

58
Q

What is the passage time in chelonians?

A

24-40 days

59
Q

How can you initiate the vasovagal response in lizards?

A

Place cotton balls over the patient’s eyes and wrap with tape- gives you around 30 minutes of a calm lizard

60
Q

What are the most preferred fluid solutions given to reptiles?

A

Normosol R and LRS

Moving away from reptile Ringers Solution (one part LRS + 2 parts 2.5% dextrose and .45% NaCl)

61
Q

What are the routes of fluid administration for chelonians?

A

IO and IV

62
Q

Where are intracoelomic fluids administered?

A

Inguinal fossa- chelonians
Right side of lower abdomen- lizards
Lower 1/3 body- snakes

63
Q

What is a con of administering intracoelomic fluids?

A

Large amounts can compromise lungs- missing diaphragm

64
Q

What percentage of fluids should not be exceeded daily?

A

Do not exceed 2-3% of body weight per day

65
Q

What is the maintenance rate of fluids?

A

15 mL/kg/day

66
Q

When should a blood transfusion be administered?

A

When PCV < 5% or acute hemorrhage

67
Q

Where should injections be administered?

A

Cranial body-avoid renal portal system

68
Q

What is an Ab that is HIGHLY NEPHROTOXIC?

A

Amikacin- aminoglycosides

69
Q

What is a potential side effect of Baytril?

A

Tissue necrosis and painful- DILUTE

70
Q

T/F: you should never use ivermectin in Chelonians?

A

TRUE- crosses BBB and can KILL

71
Q

What is the primary holding layer in wound healing?

A

Skin

72
Q

What is medetomidine reversed with?

A

Atipamezole

73
Q

How long should reptiles be dry docked for post-op?

A

24 hrs

74
Q

What local anesthetic is highly toxic in sea turtle babies?

A

Lidocaine

75
Q

What are three components of manuka honey?

A

Hyperosmotic, acidic, hydrogen peroxide production

76
Q

Secondary nutritional hyperparathyroidism is most common in what species?

A

Lizards and aquatic turtles

77
Q

What are the physical exam findings of patients with secondary nutritional hyperparathyroidism?

A

Muscle tremors, fasiculations and tetany
Fibrous osteodystrophy (thickening and swelling of long bones and mandibles)
Pathologic fractures
Tooth loss

78
Q

What are the tx options for secondary nutritional hyperparathyroidism?

A

Calcium Gluconate oral
Vitamin D therapy
Calcitonin

79
Q

There is a patient presented to you with deposition of uric acid and urate salts in visceral tissues and articular surfaces- what are you suspecting?

A

Gout

80
Q

What are common components of the history of a patient with gout?

A

Water deprived, high protein diets

81
Q

What is the primary vs. secondary cause of gout?

A

Primary: overproduction of uric acid
Secondary: chronic disease or drug (Furosemide)

82
Q

What is a definitive dx of gout?

A

Monosodium urate crystals within joints of affected patients or within tophi

83
Q

What are some tx options for gout?

A

Low protein diet, high moisture foods

Allopurinol-reduce hepatic production

84
Q

What are you suspecting when you observe bilateral blepharoedema or squamousmetaplasia in chelonians?

A

Hypovitaminosis A

85
Q

What are the CS of hypervitaminosis A?

A

Blisters on skin of neck/legs
Tissue sloughing
Water soluble

86
Q

What are the common causes of pyramiding of a chelonian carapace?

A

Lack of humidity and incorrect diet

87
Q

What is the key component in the history of a patient with thiamine deficiency?

A

Frozen fish diet

This will increase the thiaminase activity

88
Q

What parasite causes dehydration, regurgitation and mid-body swelling?

A

Cryptosporidiosis

89
Q

How do you dx coccidiosis?

A

Fecal flotation with modified Sheather’s solution

90
Q

What is the tx of coccidiosis?

A

Ponazuril

91
Q

What is the virus in chelonians and lizards that is similar to herpesvirus and has basophilic inclusion bodies on impression smears?

A

Iridovirus

92
Q

Which virus causes rhinitis, conjunctivitis, enteritis, pneumonia, heptaomegaly, neuro dz and has eosinophilic inclusion bodies?

A

Herpesvirus

93
Q

What is the tx for herpestvirus?

A

Acyclovir

94
Q

What are the CS of mycoplasmosis?

A

Nasal/ocular discharge, conjunctivitis, palpebral edema, pneumonia

95
Q

T/F: mycoplasmosis will never completely clear so you should never return patient to wild

A

TRUE

96
Q

What is a highly contagious disease in sea turtles?

A

Fibropapillomatosis (Herpesvirus)

97
Q

T/F: Majority of reptiles have Salmonellosis?

A

TRUE- no tx needed unless very bad

RUSVM Special Species- Summer '18 (9 decks)

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