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Phar 303 > Reproductive Toxicology > Flashcards

Reproductive Toxicology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 10 stages of the reproductive cycle?

A 
Fertilization
Zygote transport
Implantation
Embryogenesis
Fetal development
Parturition
Lactation/Postnatal development
Growth and development
Sexual maturation
Gamete production and release
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2
Q

The 10 reproductive phases are divided into 3 testing segments, what are they and which phases do they contian?

A

Segment 1: Fertility (begins at sexual maturation)
- Gamete production and release
- Fertilization
- Zygote transports
Segment 2: Embryotoxicity, teratogenicity (begins at implantation)
- Embryogenesis
- Fetal development
Segment 3: Pre-postnatal toxicity (begins at parturition)
- Lactation and postnatal development
- Growth and development

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3
Q

What are the 3 pituitary hormones that act on gametes in women? Which cells do they act on? What do those cells release? Where do those hormones act?

A

LH - Theca cells
FSH - granulosa cell - Estradiol
Prolactin - Corpus Luteum - Progesterone
E2 and P4 act on: Vagina, Cervix, Uterus, Oviduct

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4
Q

How do FSH and LH act in males? What cells do they act on, what do those cells release, and where do those hormones act?

A 
LH - Leydig Cell - Testosterone
FSH - Sertoli Cell - Inhibin
Inhibin: -ve feedback
Testosterone: -ve feedback but also:
Spermatognesis
Accessory sex organs
Masculinization
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5
Q

Testosterone is synthesized from what molecule?

A

Cholesterol

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6
Q

What drugs/chemicals cause Leydig Cell Hyperplasia/Neoplasia?

A

Like everything

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7
Q

What is a syncytium?

A

A multinucleated mass

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8
Q

True/False? Due to the many stages of sperm development it is difficult for a toxin to damage a sperm

A

False

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9
Q

True/False? Deficiency in a single vitamin is enough to cause spermatogenic arrest in humans

A

False, in animals though

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10
Q

What are the functions of the epididymis?

A 
Absorption
Secretion
Transport
Maturation
Storage
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11
Q

What properties of sperm are analyzable?

A 
Viscocity
Volume
Number
Concentration
Motility (velocity/motile density)
Morphology
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12
Q

DNA is ___-fold more compacted in sperm than in somatic cells

A

6

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13
Q

What are chromatin biomarkers for sperm quality?

A 
Sperm decondensation
Breaks/Cross-links/Integrity of chromatin
Chromatin template function
Chromatin structure
Chromatin Epigenome
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14
Q

What are the 4 standard measures of reproductive toxicology?

A

Fertility
Testicular histology
Testis weight
Gene expression

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15
Q

What are the advantages of fertility as a reproductive procedure?

A

+ Integrates all reproductive functions

- Insensitive

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16
Q

What are the advantages of testicular histology as a reproductive procedure?

A

+ Information on all target cells

- Subjective (not quantitative)

17
Q

What are the advantages of testis weight as a reproductive procedure?

A

+ Rapid, quantitative

- Less sensitive than sperm count, affected by edema

18
Q

What are the advantages of Gene expression as a reproductive procedure?

A

+ comprehension

- “overly” sensitive, hard to assess what matters

19
Q

Is sperm count declilning?

A

yes

20
Q

Does maternal smoking during pregnancy affect sperm count?

A

Yes

21
Q

Is testicular cancer becoming more incident?

A

yes

22
Q

Is hypospadia more prevalent?

A

Yes

23
Q

What is testicular dysgenesis syndrome?

A 
Te effect of environmental EDCs and Genetic defects causing disturbed Leydig/Sertoli cell function, leading to:
Decreased germ cell differentiation
Decreased androgens
Decreased insl3
These lead to several consequenses:
Decreased sperm quality
Carcinoma in situ
Hypospadias
Testicular maldescent
24
Q

When are doses given for a Multigeneration REproduction study? when are assessments made?

A

Doses: All stages
Assessment: G/D and Sex mat

25
Q

When are doses given for a Fertility and embryo development study? when are assessments made?

A

Doses: G/D, Sex mat., Gam prod/rel. Fert, Zyg trans, impl

Assessment: Parturition

26
Q

When are doses given for an Embryo-Fetal Development study? when are assessments made?

A

Doses: Impl, Embryogen, Fetal dev.

Assessment: Parurition

27
Q

When are doses given for an pre/post development study? when are assessments made?

A

Doses: Imp, embryogen, fet dev, Part, Lac/Posn dev

Assessment: Sex mat

28
Q

What structures does Cyclophosphamide act on?

What type of alkylating agent is it?

A

DNA
RNA
Protein
Bifunctional Alk agent

29
Q

What was the result of CPA treated rat sperm’s cell length after six weeks?

A

They were shorter by almost 50%

30
Q

What was the result of FISH in spermatozoa from CPA treated rats?

A

aneuploidy

31
Q

What did the Comet assay of CPA treated rats reveal?

A

Increased % of abnormal sperm

32
Q

What are the effects of paternal CPA exposure on early embryos?

A

Chromatin remodelling
Pronuclear formation
Zygotic genome activation
Cell lineage determination

33
Q

What happened to the embryos of gavaged/proestus mice?

A

Developmental stage was farther along

eg Day 2 of gestation, Day 8 of development

34
Q

Histone acetylation is correlated with _____ of zygotic genome in early embryonic development

A

Activation

35
Q

CPA exposed spermatozoa showed _____ histone acetylation

A

Increased

36
Q

DNA methylation occurs at the _________
CH3 is added by _______
CH3 is removed by _______

A

5-position Cytosine
SAM (S-adenylmethionine)
DNMT (DNA methyltransferase)

37
Q

5MeC fluorescence intesnsity was ____ in embryos sired by CPA-treated rats compared to saline-treated

A

Lower

38
Q

Does paternal CPA affect F2 generations?

A

Yes

39
Q

Vinclozolin-treated adult males showed F0 with ____ Apoptosis rates

A

Increased

Phar 303 (19 decks)

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