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Phar 303 > Immunotoxicology > Flashcards

Immunotoxicology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the primary lymphoid organs?

A

Lymphatic vessels
Thymus
Appendix
Bone Marrow

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2
Q

What are the Secondary lymphoid organs?

A

Tonsils
Lymph Nodes
Spleen
Lymphatic vessels

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3
Q

What are the 5 types of leukocyte?

A 
Eosinophil
Neutrophil
Basophil
Lymphocyte
Monocyte
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4
Q

What is the function of Eosinophils?

A

Phacocytotic/Allergy

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5
Q

What is the function of Neutrophils?

A

Bacteriai phacocytosis/Inflammation

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6
Q

What is the function of Basophils?

A

Allergy/Inflammation

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7
Q

What is the function of Lymphocytes?

A

B Cells: Antibody production

T Cells: Cell cytotoxicity

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8
Q

What is the function of Monocytes?

A

Phagocytic/Macrophage precursors

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9
Q

What is the difference between Humoral and Cell-mediated Adaptive (acquired) immunity?

A

Humoral: B cells target EXTRACELLULAR MICROBES with antibodies and are phagocytosed by macrophages

Cell-meidated: T cells target INTRACELLULAR MICROBES by their antigen and release cytokines which activate cytotoxic T cells, causing lysis of the infected cell

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10
Q

What are the 5 antibodies?

A 
IgG (most abundant)
IgE (allergies) 
IgD
IgA
IgM (first responder)
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11
Q

Which components of the immune system are a target for xenobiotics/toxicants?

A

All of them

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12
Q

Define immunotoxicity

A

Any adverse effect on the structure or function of the immune system, or on other systems as a result of immune system dysfunction

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13
Q

What are the two extremes of immunomodulation and what are the symptoms of each?

A

Immunosuppresion - Impaired immunity, enhanced susceptibility to infection/neoplasm

Immunoenhancement - Autoimmunity, hypersensitivity (chronic inflammation)

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14
Q

What is Azathioprine typically prescribed for?

A

Rheumatoid arthritis, IBD

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15
Q

What is Azathioprine converted into?

A

6-mercaptopurine

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16
Q

How is 6-mercaptopurine cleared from the body?

A

TPMP methylates it

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17
Q

What is the active metabolite of 6-mercaptopurine?

A

6-thioguanine nuclotides

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18
Q

What is the effect of 6-thioguanine nucleotides?

A

Immunosuppression

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19
Q

What is neutropenia?

A

A low neutrophil count

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20
Q

What can cause neutropenia?

A 
Impaired proliferation (eg anticancer drugs)
Cell viability (cytotoxicity)
Can be idiosyncratic or drug induced
21
Q

How can clozapine cause Neutropenia?

A

Idiosyncratic Drug-Induced Neutropenia (IDIN)
Unpredictable, adverse reaction to drugs
Specific to the individual, impossible to predict

22
Q

How does cigarette smoke cause inflammation?

A

Bu targeting neutrophils, macrophages and CD8+ cells

23
Q

What are the 3 effects of inflammation in the lungs?

A

Alveolar wall destruction
Mucous Hypersecretion
Abnormal tissue repair

24
Q

What is an effect cigarette smoke on immune cells?

A

Decreased phagocytosis

25
Q

The constituents of cannabis (cannabinoids and noncannabinoids) are typically (inflammatory/noninflammatory)

A

anti-inflammatory

26
Q

Which Cannabinoid receptor is responsible for the anti-inflammatory response?

A

CB2

27
Q

How does selective CB2 activation cause immunosuppression?

A

By promoting efferocytosis (ability to clear apoptosis cells)

28
Q

What is a potential mechanism of immunosuppression via cannabinoids?

A

T-Cell apoptosis

29
Q

What is another name for Halogenated Aromatic Hydrocarbons?

A

Dioxin-like Chemicals (DLCs) or dioxins

30
Q

How are humans exposed to Dioxins?

A

(sources: combustion of industry materials)
Through air, soil/sediment, water table
End up in our food, bioaccumulates in fatty tissue

31
Q

How else are people exposed to dioxins?

A

Used as herbacide

32
Q

What is TCDD?

A

A DLC

33
Q

What is an effect of TCDD on humans?

A

Immune toxicity (Chloracne)

34
Q

What immune organ does TCDD act on?

A

The Thymus

35
Q

What is the function of the thymus?

A

Site of T-cell maturation (immature T cells migrate from bone marrow)

36
Q

What does TCDD do to the thymus?

A

Causes thymic atrophy

37
Q

How does TCDD cause thymic atrophy?

A

By binding AhR (and many others), translocating into nucleus, and causing Ahr-induced gene battery

38
Q

True/False? Exposure to TCDD alters plasma antibody profile durin influenza infection (in mice)

A

True, increases mortality rate

39
Q

How did plasma IgG levels differ in people contaminated by Saveso’s TCDD accident?

A

Lower amounts of TCDD

40
Q

True/False? Exposure to TCDD increased the incidence of infectious disease

A

False

41
Q

What is the underlying cause of most autoimmune diseases?

A

We don’t know

42
Q

What is the putative mechanism of chemical-induced autoimmunity?

A
  1. Toxicant-induced aberrant cell death
  2. Covalent binding of now-exposed cellular material to tissue proteins (results in formation of neoantigens
  3. Inflammation/tissue injury
43
Q

What is Systemic lupus erythematosus characterized by?

A

Dysfunction of T cells, B cells, and DC: production of anti-nuclear antibodies

44
Q

What caused Subacute Cutaneous lupus erthyematosus in some cases?

A

Lamisil (athlete’s food)

45
Q

What are the 3 categories of asthma?

A

Atopic (allergic, extrinsic)
Non-Atopic (non-allergenic, intrinsic)
Other

46
Q

What is atopic asthma characterised by?

A

Evidence of allergic sensitization (most common form)

47
Q

What is non-atopic asthma characterized by?

A

Asthma where there is inflammation of the airways that is not caused by exposure to an antigen
Common triggers are viruses and inhaled pollutents

48
Q

What is TDI?

A

Hi production volume chemical
Occupational exposure
Most common cause of work-related asthma

Phar 303 (19 decks)

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