Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Phar 303 > Environmental/occupational Toxicology > Flashcards

Environmental/occupational Toxicology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 canadian ecozones?

A

Agricultural/ubran-based regions
Coasts
Arctic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does movement of a chemical in the environment depend on?

A

Physical and chemical properties of the chemical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How can we measure and predict how a chemical will partition between environmental compartments?

A

Chemodynamics: the study of chemical behavior in the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the two aspects of chemodynamics?

A

Outside the body: release, transport, distribution within/between compartments

Inside the body: metabolism, degradation, storage, excretion, concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the environmentla compartments?

A

Air (atmosphere)
Water (hydrosphere)
Soil (lithosphere)
Biological systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the THREE major factors that influence impact on environmental chemicals?

A

Persistance
Bioaccumulation/biomagnification
Toxicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How many Persistant Organic Pollutants (POPs) are there?

A

A lot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is bioaccumulation? Name an example

A

The accumulation of contaminants from the environment and food
(positively correlated with lipophilicity)

eg PCB is lipophilic, ends up in fat
More fat in meal, more PCB

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is a property of most persistant toxic substances?

A

Polyaromatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the difference between biomagnification and bioaccumulation?

A

Bioaccumulation: accumulation of toxin in a particular organism

Biomagnification: increased concentration of toxin as you go higher up food chain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Why is there lots of PCBs found in mothers and infants of Nunavik?

A

Diet restricted to whale blubber, PCB bioaccumulates in fat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How do you identify hazards? (4)

What is the benchmark for toxity?

A
  • Structure-activity relationships
  • In-vitro and short-term tests
  • Animal Bioassays
  • Epidemiologic data

THRESHOLD OF TOXICOLOGICAL CONCERN (TTC)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the threshold of toxicological concern?

A

A complicated flowchart that answers the question: “Should we be worried about this chemical?”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How do you establish causality when evaluating occupational agents?

A 
In vitro analyses 
Animal toxicology studies
Human challenge studies
Case reports
Epidemiology studies
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the ACGIH?

A

American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the OSHA?

A

Occupational Safety and Health Administration

17
Q

What is a TLV and what are three types?

A

Threshold Limit Values:
TLV-TWA: Time weighted average
TLV-STEL: Short term exposure limit
TLV-C: Ceiling

18
Q

What are PELs?

A

Permissible exposure limits

19
Q

What are RELs?

A

Recommended exposure limits

20
Q

Why is it difficult to establish a causal link between illness and a job? Name three challenges

A

Equivalence of occupationally-induced vs non-occupational disease

Protracted latent interval between exposure and expression of disease

Multi-factorial nature of diseases of occupational origin

21
Q

What are 5 approaches to prevent/control occupational hazards?

A

Change the process to use/produce less hazardous compounds
Automate and enclose the process to isolate the compounds
Implement administrative/work practise controls to reduce duration/intensity of exposre
Install/upgrade local exhaust system and dilution exhaust
Institute a comprehensive program for personal protective equipment use when necessary

22
Q

What are the 2 main issues with aerial application of pesticides?

A

Very difficult to avoid drift/overspray

Even under correct conditions, trailing vortices generated by wings can disperse pesticides to untargeted areas

23
Q

How long does it take to register a pesticide/assess its risk?

A

6-10 years (and its expensive as FUCK)

24
Q

What are the four properties of pesticides that are important to test?

A

Bioaccumulation (particularly for fat soluble compounds)
Degradation (what’s left over time)
Toxicity (acute, chronic, aquatic, terrestrial)
Carcinogenicity (to fish, mice, rats (humans))

25
Q

What is the tiered testing approach

A

Method of splitting toxicity testing into 3 tiers:
Tier 1: 1-2 years of accute tests to determine potential human toxicity
Tier 2: 2-4 years of chronic tests using mammals, birds, fish, invertebrates
Tier 3: about 2 years of simulated field tests using micro/mesocosms

26
Q

What is Atrazine? What are its toxic effects?

A

A common herbicide, inhibits photosynthesis
Maximum contaminant level = 3 ppb
short term: congestion of heart/lungs/kidneys, low blood pressure, muscle spasms, weight loss, damage to adrenals
Long term: weight loss, CV damage, retinal/muscle degeneration, cancer

27
Q

What is the proposed mechanism of action of atrazine as a reproductive toxicant in amphibians?

A

Atrazine is an inducer of aromatase which decreases androgen levels and increases estrogen levels

End result: demasculinization (chemical castration) of amphibians

28
Q

True/False? Glyphosphate is A-OK to use as a pesticide and nothing is wrong with it at all

A

FALSE (Don’t @me Monstanto)

29
Q

How does Glyphosphate work?

A

It inhibits a plant enzyme that is in involved in Phenylalaline, tyrosine, and tryptophan production

30
Q

In a burger with fries and soda, where is there glyphosphate?

A

Everywhere

31
Q

What law was passed regarding glyphosphate in Canada to be enacted in April 2019?

A

Manufacturers will be required to update commercial labels for products containing glyphosphate to include statements

32
Q

What group of carcinogen is Glyphosphate according to the IARC?

A

Category 2A: Probably carcinogenic in humans

33
Q

Could glyphosphate be the cause of your cancer?

A

Yes

34
Q

What does the Commission de la sante et de la securite du travail CSST allow you to do?

A

You have the right to refuse work that presents a danger for you or another person

35
Q

What are WHMIS training questions?

A

What are the hazards of this product?
How do you work safely with this hazardous product?
How do you deal with an emergency, including an unexpected exposure or spill?
Where do you get more information about this product?

Phar 303 (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions