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Phar 303 > Household toxicants (skin and eyes) > Flashcards

Household toxicants (skin and eyes) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of Skin?

A 
Barrier
Temperature regulation
Fluid/electrolyte regulation
Sensory organ
Hormonal
Metabolism
Immune system
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2
Q

What is the structure of skin?

A 
Hair shafts
Sweat gland pores
STATEUM CORNEUM (dead cells)
Dermis, epidermis, subcutaneous
Melanocytes
Dendritic cells (Immune)
Merkel cells
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3
Q

What is the epidermis composed primarily of?

A

Dead keratinocytes

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4
Q

What is the dermic composed of?

A

Growing cells, sebaceous cells, sweat glands

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5
Q

What are the basal cells in skin?

A

Desmosomes (structural)

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6
Q

Is it easier for lipids or liquids to get into blood from the skin?

A

Lipids (can just go in between skin cells)

Water has to squeeze through

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7
Q

What are properties of the dermis?

A

Thermoregulation
Nutrients
Subdivided into Papillary dermis and reticular layer
Contains mostly fibroblasts

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8
Q

How can the skin absorb toxicants?

A 
Cutaneous absorption (touching)
Promoted by lipid solubility and low molecular weight
(hmw toxicants can take place in hair/sweat glands, intercellularly, or transcellularly (mainly))
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9
Q

Does a cutaneous absorbtion of e.g. nicotine undergo first pass metabolism?

A

No, directly into blood

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10
Q

True/False? The epidermis contains some P450s responsible for drug metabolism

A

True

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11
Q

Which is a larger risk for toxicity? A small business or a major firm?

A

Smaller businesses, because larger firms have established rules/regulations

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12
Q

What is contact dermatitis and how is it acquired?

A

Skin irritation, need to directly touch skin to cause

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13
Q

What are the two types of contact dermatitis?

A

Irritant dermatitis

Allergic dermatitis

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14
Q

What are the characteristics of irritant dermatitis?

A 
Damage at site of contact
Chemical or physical action
No antecedant immunologic sensitization required
Absolute irritants
Usually repeated exposure is needed (unless [] is high enough)
Great variability
No single mechanism of action
Intensity is proportional to dose
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15
Q

Why is wet cement dangerous?

A 
Extremely basic (pH 13/14)
Very damaging to skin
Alkaline does NOT trigger nerve endings so you don't feel pain
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16
Q

What are the characteristics of allergic dermatitis?

A 
Distinct boundary (boot dermatitis)
Hypersensitivity reaction mediated by type IV cells
Hapten + tissue protein = complete antigen 
NOTHING HAPPENS ON FIRST ESPOSURE
17
Q

What are common contact allergens?

A 
Antibiotics
Metals
Preservatives
Plants
Antiseptics
Rubber
Glues
Drugs/Cosmeticw
18
Q

How can you test contact allergens?

A

Buhler test on guinea pigs

Local Lymph node assay on mice

19
Q

What is phototoxicology?

A

When exposure to light gives undesirable effects

20
Q

Between UVA and UVB: which is more damaging? Which penetrates deeper?

A

UVA penetrates deeper, but UVB is more damaging

21
Q

How do light and celery cause phototoxicity?

A

Furocoumarins react with light to release free radicals

22
Q

How can you test phototoxicology?

A

Enhanced phototoxicity screening assay in reconstituted skin (EPARS)

23
Q

What are two methods of photocarcinogenicity?

A

Xenobiotic absorbs UV light -> free radicals

Xenobiotic + UVA -> UVA adducts

24
Q

How do you test Photocarcinogenicity?

A

Test on hairless mice (immunocompetent)

25
Q

What is the mechanism of photoallergic reactions?

A

Xenobiotic absorbs UV light -> convert to hapten -> Type IV reaction

26
Q

How are solvents damaging to the skin?

A

Eg toluene dissolves lipid barrier

Eg turpentine dissolves skin barrier

27
Q

What parts of the eye are directly exposed to toxicants?

A

Lens: Cornea, conjunctiva, eyelids

28
Q

True/False? There are some P450s in the eye

A

True

29
Q

How do you test eye toxicity, then and now?

A

Then: Draize test in rabbits (put cosmetics in their eyes and test for irritation)

Now: We have alternatives

30
Q

What’s hazardous in the home?

A 
Paint thinners
Paints
Gardening tools
Drano (sulfuric acid)
Sidewalk cleaners
Ammonia (direct irritant)
Household cleaners
Bleach
Strong cleaners (lye)
Organophosphates (roundup)
Insecticides
Herbicides
Cigarette Smoke
Woodburning Fireplaces
Most Household Plants
Carpets (contian god-knows-what)
Cosmetics
Things
All sorts of chemicals in gardens
Insects
Weeds

Phar 303 (19 decks)

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