Reproductive Systems Flashcards
modes of reproduction by eukaryotes
budding
parthenogenesis
sexual reproduction
oviparity (with example)
OUTSIDE/EGG
birds, reptiles, monotremes (mammals)
ovoviviparity (with example)
INSIDE/EGG
invertebrates and some reptiles
viviparity (with example)
INSIDE/MOTHER
eutherians (mammals)
spermatogenesis
the production of sperm
oogenesis
the production of eggs
differences between spermatogenesis and oogenesis
all four products of meiosis = sperm
only one of four products of meiosis = egg
no menopause
sperm produced continuously
accessory glands in male reproductive physiology (3)
seminal vesicles
prostate gland
bulbourethral
seminal vesicles
supply fructose to sperm produce fluid (enables motility) secrete prostaglandins (contraction of smooth muscle)
prostate gland
secretes products directly into urethra
secretes alkaline fluid (neutralises vaginal acid secretion)
secretes clotting enzyme (helps keep sperm in female reproductive tract)
bulbourethral
produces mucus
- neutralises acidic urine
- causes seminal fluid to coagulate after ejaculation
3 parts of penis
root, body and glands
seminiferous tubules
contains germ cells (spermatogenesis) - they are progenitor sperm cells
contain Sertoli cells (keep the germ cells healthy and nourished)
blood-testes barrier
ring of sertoli and semininferous tubules from outer membrane to lumen of tubule
secretion of androgen binding protein -> promotes high testosterone -> sperm production promotion
Leydig cells
line tubules - produce testosterone in the presence of luteinizing hormone (LH)
estrous cycle
no fertilisation => uterine lining reabsorbed
menstrual cycle
no fertilisation => uterine lining sloughed-off
continuous polyestrous
can occur uni-formally throughout the year *rodents
seasonally polyestrous
restricted to specific period seasonally *sheep/deer
seasonally monestrous
once a year in a particular season
primary oocyte is surrounded by…
a single layer of cells (granulosa cells)
primordial follicle =
primary oocyte + granulosa
not matured
oestrogen responsible phase of female ovarian cycles
follicular phase
progesterone dominant phase of female ovarian cycles
luteal phase
the interaction of the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary gland and ovaries in female reproductive cycle
hypothalamus secretes gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH)
GnRH stimulates anterior pituitary gland to secrete FSH and LH
FSH and LH cause egg maturation release
Mature egg releases progesterone, inhibiting GnRH, FSH and LH.
