Reproductive Systems

Question 1

modes of reproduction by eukaryotes

Answer 1

budding
parthenogenesis
sexual reproduction

Question 2

oviparity (with example)

Answer 2

OUTSIDE/EGG

birds, reptiles, monotremes (mammals)

Question 3

ovoviviparity (with example)

Answer 3

INSIDE/EGG

invertebrates and some reptiles

Question 4

viviparity (with example)

Answer 4

INSIDE/MOTHER

eutherians (mammals)

Question 5

spermatogenesis

Answer 5

the production of sperm

Question 6

oogenesis

Answer 6

the production of eggs

Question 7

differences between spermatogenesis and oogenesis

Answer 7

all four products of meiosis = sperm
only one of four products of meiosis = egg
no menopause
sperm produced continuously

Question 8

accessory glands in male reproductive physiology (3)

Answer 8

seminal vesicles
prostate gland
bulbourethral

Question 9

seminal vesicles

Answer 9

supply fructose to sperm 
produce fluid (enables motility)
secrete prostaglandins (contraction of smooth muscle)

Question 10

prostate gland

Answer 10

secretes products directly into urethra
secretes alkaline fluid (neutralises vaginal acid secretion)
secretes clotting enzyme (helps keep sperm in female reproductive tract)

Question 11

bulbourethral

Answer 11

produces mucus

• neutralises acidic urine
• causes seminal fluid to coagulate after ejaculation

Question 12

3 parts of penis

Answer 12

root, body and glands

Question 13

seminiferous tubules

Answer 13

contains germ cells (spermatogenesis) - they are progenitor sperm cells
contain Sertoli cells (keep the germ cells healthy and nourished)

Question 14

blood-testes barrier

Answer 14

ring of sertoli and semininferous tubules from outer membrane to lumen of tubule
secretion of androgen binding protein -> promotes high testosterone -> sperm production promotion

Question 15

Leydig cells

Answer 15

line tubules - produce testosterone in the presence of luteinizing hormone (LH)

Question 16

estrous cycle

Answer 16

no fertilisation => uterine lining reabsorbed

Question 17

menstrual cycle

Answer 17

no fertilisation => uterine lining sloughed-off

Question 18

continuous polyestrous

Answer 18

can occur uni-formally throughout the year *rodents

Question 19

seasonally polyestrous

Answer 19

restricted to specific period seasonally *sheep/deer

Question 20

seasonally monestrous

Answer 20

once a year in a particular season

Question 21

primary oocyte is surrounded by…

Answer 21

a single layer of cells (granulosa cells)

Question 22

primordial follicle =

Answer 22

primary oocyte + granulosa

not matured

Question 23

oestrogen responsible phase of female ovarian cycles

Answer 23

follicular phase

Question 24

progesterone dominant phase of female ovarian cycles

Answer 24

luteal phase

Question 25

the interaction of the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary gland and ovaries in female reproductive cycle

Answer 25

hypothalamus secretes gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH)
GnRH stimulates anterior pituitary gland to secrete FSH and LH
FSH and LH cause egg maturation release
Mature egg releases progesterone, inhibiting GnRH, FSH and LH.