Digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

types of feeding methods

A
filter/suspension feeders 
detritivores (deposit feeders)
fluid feeders 
carnivores 
herbivores 
omnivores 
symbiotic-autotroph bearers (carry other organisms but produce nutrients for them)
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2
Q

size and filter/suspension feeders

A

e. g. whales/crinoid

v. big or v.small

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3
Q

example of a symbiotic-autotroph bearer

A

tube worm

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4
Q

two mechanism which link functions of digestive tract with outside world

A

hunger mechanism

thirst mechanism

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5
Q

Hunger mechanism hormones

A

grelin - feel hungry (produced by stomach)

leptin - feel satiated (produced by adipose cells)

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6
Q

leptin resistance

A

leads to obesity

no longer feel hungry

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7
Q

order of choice of source of energy in body (human)

A
  1. carbohydrate
  2. fats
  3. protein
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8
Q

why does energy production decrease with different sources of energy than carbohydrate?

A

fats (glycerol & fatty acids) and proteins (amino acids) come in on cycle later on than with carbohydrate and therefore potential ATP production from missed steps is lost

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9
Q

types of extracellular digestion (evolution)

A
  1. gastrovascular cavity

2. set of complete tubes

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10
Q

motility - muscles

A
smooth muscle under autonomic control 
BOTH tonic (low tone contraction)  and phasic (periodical contractions triggered)
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11
Q

general aspects of digestion

A

motility
secretion
digestion
absorption

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12
Q

control of digestive system

A
Autonomous smooth muscle
Local sensory receptors
Intrinsic nerves
Extrinsic nerves (sympathetic & parasympathetic)
GIT hormones
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13
Q

4 basic layers of tissue in digestive tract

A

outermost layer - seroza

conducting & contracting - smooth muscle layer +enteric nervous system

connective - submucosa

covering (epithelial tissue) - mucosa

lumen

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14
Q

enteric nervous system

A

almost a completely separate nervous system with digestive system

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15
Q

glands in the digestive tract

A

liver
pancreas
salivary

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16
Q

what is the mucosa layer made up of?

A
  1. epithelium
  2. lamina propria (lymphoid tissue & mucus producing glands
  3. muscularis mucosi (first layer of folding)
17
Q

what is the mucosa layer made up of?

A
  1. epithelium
  2. lamina propria (lymphoid tissue & mucus producing glands
  3. muscularis mucosi (first layer of folding) - capillaries and ends of lymphatic system
18
Q

what does the seroza do?

A

full support of digestive tract - keeps it in place (epithelium + connective)

19
Q

what does the submucosa constain?

A

glands & blood vessels - arterioles and venuoles

20
Q

what does the mucosa do?

A

secrete some of digestive enzymes (hold in brush border - microvilli)

21
Q

interesting difference with snail

A

radula - grind food with mouth & suck in

22
Q

spiral valves - where found & what do?

A

sharks

short digestive tract - used to slow passage of food

23
Q

cloaca as oppose to anus

A

combined urinary and digestive tract exit

24
Q

crop - what is it? & who has it?

A

gravel in it (birds), grind, pre-stomach

found in birds & insects

25
Q

mouthpart types - invertebrate

A

sponge (and suck) - e.g. flies
proboscis - suck up food - e.g. butterflies
mandibles - e.g. tiger beetle

26
Q

how to insects intially taken up food?

A

sucking

27
Q

mouthparts - vertebrate adaptations

A

chizel-like teeth - rodents
fangs - venom channel in tooth
sharks - many rows of teeth
cats& dogs drink by lapping

28
Q

what is different about herbivores teeth?

A

teeth keep growing

29
Q

insect midgut

A

mesenteron

30
Q

what is the peritrophic (matrix) membrane?

A

Insect midgut

internal body-organ tissue
made of chitin
floats above aborption layer
carries enzymes

31
Q

ruminant stomach

A

abommasum - similar to stomach in humans

32
Q

names of four chambers in ruminant midgut

A

rumen
reticulum
omasum
abomasum

33
Q

limitation to ruminant digestion environments

A

fibrous material can slow down digestion and lead to starvation

34
Q

birds digestion order

A

glandular stomach - enzymes secreted

gizzard - grit & grinding

35
Q

caecum with diet

A

smaller if eat more meat (carnivorous)

36
Q

where is the fat body found?

A

insects - storage organ/lymphatic system/endocrine system/immune/excretion

37
Q

what is a hepatopancreas?

A

does same job as liver and pancreas but one organ

- arthropods, molluscs, fish