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BIO109 - Developmental Biology > Reproductive System - Review > Flashcards

Reproductive System - Review Flashcards

1
Q

Parts of the male reproductive system

A
  1. testis
  2. system of Ducts
  3. glands
  4. penis
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2
Q

producs sperm and sex hormoes

A

testis

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3
Q

secrete seminal fluid

A

glands

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4
Q

delivers semen

A

penis

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5
Q

meiosis produces gametes in the seminiferous tubules

A

spermatogenesis

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6
Q

functional unit in the testis that produces spermatozoa (haploid, 1n) from spermatogonia (diploid, 2n) during spermatogenesis

A

seminiferous tubule

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7
Q

types of cells in the seminiferous tubules

A
  1. spermatogenic series
  2. nonspermatogenic series
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8
Q

cells in spermatogenic series

A
  1. spermatogonia
  2. spermatocytes
  3. spermatids
  4. spermatozoa
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9
Q
  • primordial male germ cells that are the precursors of spermatozoa
  • diploid, 2n
A

Spermatogonia

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10
Q
  • cells in the testis that produce sperm cells
  • are created from spermatogonial stem cells and undergo meiosis to produce haploid spermatids, which eventually become sperm
A

Spermatocytes

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11
Q

product of the second meiotic division that undergoes a complex process of morphological and functional changes known as spermiogenesis, transforming from a round cell with a central nucleus to a specialized sperm cell.

A

spermatid

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12
Q

male sex cells that carry genetic material

A

Spermatozoa (sperm)

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13
Q

cells in nonspermatogenic series

A
  1. Sertoli C.
  2. Leydig cells
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14
Q

secrete inhibin

A

Sertoli C.

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15
Q

cells in the testes that produce testosterone and other androgens

A

Leydig cells

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16
Q

Structure of the Sperm

A
  1. head
  2. middle piece
  3. tail or flagella
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17
Q

contains the half of the genome and acrosome containing the enzymes

A

head

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18
Q
  • vesicle in the sperm head that contains enzymes that help the sperm penetrate an egg
  • cap-like structure that sits over the sperm nucleus.
A

acrosome

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19
Q

contain the mitochondria which provide the ATP for its journey to the egg

A

middle piece

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20
Q

for locomotion

A

tail or flagella

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21
Q

human sperm cell size

A

50-70 μm

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22
Q

human sperm cell shape

A

ovoid

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23
Q

human sperm cell number

A

200 M

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24
Q

external parts of female reproductive system

A
  1. clitoris
  2. labia minora and majora
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25
Q
  • most sensitive part of your vulva
  • capable of producing the most intense and most pleasurable sexual responses in your body
A

clitoris

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26
Q

fleshy outer lips of the vulva are known as the

A

labia majora

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27
Q

The inner lips, which usually lead the way to the vaginal opening

A

labia minora

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28
Q

internal parts of the female reproductive system

A
  1. ovary
  2. system of ducts
  3. uterus
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29
Q

produces egg cells and hormones

A

ovary

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30
Q
  • development of a mature egg
  • a prolonged process
A

oogenesis

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31
Q

where do immature eggs form

A

female embryo

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32
Q

lots of connective tissue, blood vessels in center of ovary

A

ovarian medulla

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33
Q

has numerous, small, microlecithal oocytes

A

ovarian cortex

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34
Q
  • same number of chromosomes (diploid or haploid)
  • 2 daughter cells
  • cells are identical genetically
A

mitosis

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35
Q
  • half the number of chromosomes (haploid)
  • 4 daughter cells
  • cells are not identical genetically
A

meiosis

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36
Q
  • production of offspring by a single parent
  • offspring inherit DNA from only one parent
  • require less energy
A

asexual reproduction

37
Q

formation of sex cells or gametes from germ cells

A

gametogenesis

38
Q

end product of gametogenesis

A

haploid cells

39
Q

gametogenesis in males

A

spermatogenesis

40
Q

gametogenesis in females

A

oogenesis

41
Q

no of gametes produced per 1^0 cyte in spermatogenesis

A

4

42
Q

no of gametes produced per 1^0 cyte in oogenesis

A

1

43
Q

availability of 1^0 cyte in spermatogenesis

A

1^0 spermatocytes are produced throughout the male’s reproductive years

44
Q

availability of 1^0 cyte in oogenesis

A

number of 1^0 oocytes is fixed at birth

45
Q

is there interruption in spermatogenesis?

A

uninterrupted

46
Q

is there interruption in oogenesis

A

not completed without stimulation from a sperm

47
Q

differentiation of the spermatid into a sperm

A

spermiogenesis

48
Q
  • produces a clear, viscous secretion known as pre-ejaculate that helps to lubricate the urethra for spermatozoa to pass through, neutralizing traces of acidic urine in the urethra, and helps flush out any residual urine or foreign matter.
  • It is possible for this fluid to pick up sperm in the urethral bulb from previous ejaculations, and carry them out prior to the next ejaculation.
A

Bulbourethral gland / Cowper’s gland

49
Q

helps lubricate the urethra for spermatozoa to pass through, neutralizing traces of acidic urine in the urethra, and helps flush out any residual urine or foreign matter

A

pre-ejaculate

50
Q
  • store and secrete a slightly alkaline fluid, milky or white in appearance, that usually constitutes 20–30% of the volume of the semen along with spermatozoa and seminal vesicle fluid
  • The alkalinity of semen helps neutralize the acidity of the vaginal tract, prolonging the lifespan of sperm
A

prostate gland

51
Q

what does the alkalinity of semen help neutralize

A

acidity of vaginal tract, prolonging sperm lifespan

52
Q

hormonal control of the testes

A
  1. hypothalamus
  2. anterior pituitary
  3. testis
53
Q

release releasing hormone

A

hypothalamus

54
Q
  • receives releasing hormone
  • secretes follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)
A

anterior pituitary

55
Q

what does the anterior pituitary of males secrete

A
  • follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
  • luteinizing hormone (LH)
56
Q

what does the testis produce

A
  1. androgen
  2. sperm
57
Q

secrete mucus to lubricate the vagina and are homologous to bulbourethral glands in males

A

Bartholin’s gland

58
Q
  • stage after fertilization in humans where a blastocyst develops from a fertilized zygote
  • egg moves along oviduct to uterus
A

implantation

59
Q

when does the blastocyst attach to uterine wall

A

6th day after fertilization

60
Q

uterine wall

A

endometrium

61
Q

Human embryonic and fetal development

A
  1. human gestation time
  2. embryonic development
  3. fetal development
62
Q

human gestation time

A
  • from conception to birth
  • approx. 9 mon.
63
Q

embryonic develop

A

1-2 months

64
Q

fetal development

A

3-9 months

65
Q

blocks certain stages of reproduction

A

contraceptives

66
Q

what are the following stages of reproduction that contraceptives can block

A
  1. release and transport of gametes
  2. fertilization
  3. implantation
67
Q

types of contraceptives

A
  1. ovulation-suppressing methods
  2. barrier methods (physical and chemical)
  3. surgical methods
  4. implantation-suppressing methods
  5. others
68
Q

ovulation-suppressing methods

A
  1. oral contraceptives
  2. time-release capsules
69
Q

usually contin a combination of hormones that prevent release of FSH and LH, inhibiting development of the follicle so that no oocytes are released

A

oral contraceptives

70
Q

can be implanted under the skin of the upper arm and offer long-term suppression of ovulation

A

time-release capsules (eg. Norplant)

71
Q

Barrier methods (physical)

A
  1. condoms
  2. diaphragm
  3. cervical cup
72
Q
  • fitted over the erect penis or
  • placed inside the vagina
A

condoms

73
Q

cap the cervix and block the passage of the sperm into the uterus

A
  • diaphragm (shallow)
  • cervical cup (deeper in shape)
74
Q

barrier methods (chemical)

A

spermicidal jelly or foam

75
Q

kill sperm on contact and must be placed in the vagina prior to intercourse

A

spermicidal jelly or foam

76
Q

surgical methods

A
  1. vasectomy (men)
  2. tubal ligation (women)
77
Q

the vas deferens connecting the testes with the urethra is cut and sealed to prevent the transport of sperm

A

vasectomy

78
Q

oviduct is cut and ends tied off to prevent eggs from reaching the uterus

A

tubal ligation

79
Q

implantation-suppressing methods

A
  1. morning-after pill
  2. intra-uterine device (IUD)
80
Q

morning-after pill types

A
  1. RU-486
  2. Plan B
81
Q
  • interferes with the implantation of the fertilized egg into the uterine wall
  • blocks the action of progesterone, which leads to the non-synthesis of the proteins necessary to begin and maintain pregnancy
A

RU-486

82
Q

contains progestin that blocks ovulation, fertilization, and implantation

A

Plan B

83
Q

physically blocks the fertilized egg from implanting

A

intra-uterine device (IUD)

84
Q

other methods

A
  1. coitus interruptus
  2. abortion
85
Q
  • deliberate removal of the fetus or embryo before it is ready for birth
  • done mechanically or chemically
A

abortion

85
Q
  • requires the man to withdraw his penis from the vagina before ejaculation
  • very unreliable
A

coitus interruptus

86
Q

suction for less than 3 months and surgery for older

A

mechanical abortion

87
Q

RU-486 and prostaglandins to expel the embryo and the endometrial discharge

A

chemical abortion

BIO109 - Developmental Biology (3 decks)

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