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BIO109 - Developmental Biology > Lecture 3 - Gametogenesis > Flashcards

Lecture 3 - Gametogenesis Flashcards

1
Q

gametes

A
  1. ova
  2. spermatozoa
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2
Q

germ cells

A

germ plasm

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3
Q

somatic cells

A

somatoplasm

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4
Q

two types of gametogenesis

A
  1. oogenesis
  2. spermatogenesis
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5
Q

Phases of Gametogenesis

A
  1. Origin of germ cells and migration to gonads
  2. multiplication of germ cells via mitosis
  3. reduction of no. of chromosomes by 1/2 via meiosis
  4. final stages of maturation and differentiation of gametes into spermatozoa or ova
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6
Q

maturation of spermatids to spermatozoa

A

spermiogenesis

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7
Q

recognized early in life as regions in the vegetal pole cytoplasm of the zygote or as specific cells during cleavage stage

A

germplasm (frogs and invertebrates)

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8
Q

can be traced through cleavage and into the endodermal floor of the primitive gut

A

germ-cell lineage

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9
Q

origin of germ cells in birds, reptiles, and mammals

A

primordial germ cells (PGC) in epiblast of early embryo

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10
Q

origin of germ cells in birds

A

germinal crescent locaated beyond the head region of embryo

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11
Q

origin of germ cells in mammals

A

posterior wall of yolk sac near region of allantois

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12
Q

origin of germ cells in urodele amphibians

A

through influence of venral endodermal yolk mass different from Anurans

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13
Q

recognizable due to large size and clear cytoplasm

A

primordial germ cell (PGC)

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14
Q

histochemical characteristics of primordial germ cell

A
  1. high alkaline phosphatase activity (mammals)
  2. high glycogen content (birds)
  3. monoclonal Ab’s (birds and mammals)
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15
Q

clones of your body’s antibodies that are made in a laboratory, meant to stimulate your immune system

A

Monoclonal antibodies

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16
Q

in vertebrates, where do PGC migrate to

A

gonads

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17
Q

Two principal mechanisms on how PGC migrate to gonads

A
  1. pass through walls of blood vessels and enter circulation. Penetrate blood vessels and settle down in gonads (birds and reptiles)
  2. reach gonads by migration around wall of posterior gut and then through dorsal mesentery
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18
Q

extracellular matrix molecules that guide the PGC to gonads within the mesentery

A
  • laminin
  • fibronectin
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19
Q

migration of primordial germ cell to gonads in mouse

A
  1. PGCs established in epiblast migrate to definitive endoderm
  2. migrate through gut and, dorsally, into genital ridges
  3. enters genital ridges around embryonic day 11
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20
Q

what happens to PGC once it settled in the gonads

A

enter proliferative phase; increase number via mitosis

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21
Q

active germ cells mitotically in females

A

oogonia

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22
Q

active germ cells mitotically in males

A

spermatogonia

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23
Q

in female humans, when does intense mitotic activity happen

A

between 2nd-5th mos of pregnancy

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24
Q

no. of initial oogonia

A

7 million

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25
Q

why do oogonia number fall sharply

A

atresia (natural degeneration)

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26
Q

7th month of pregnancy

A

oogonia entered prophase of 1st meiotic division

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27
Q

oogonia after 1st meiotic division

A

primary oocytes

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28
Q

oogonia of nonmammalian vertebrates

A

capable of dividing throughout reproductive cycle

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29
Q

mitosis of germ cells in rodents

A

continues in gonad of early embryo; ceases during later days of pregnancy; resume after birth

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30
Q

mitosis of germ cells in male humans

A

beggining at puberty; produces spermatocytes that enter meiosis; continues as long as male is capable of reproduction

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31
Q

reproductive role of human male

A

produce sperm and deliver them to vagina of female

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32
Q

deposists semen in the vagina during sexual intercourse

A

penis

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33
Q

produce fluid called semen for carrying sperm to te penis

A

accessory glands

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34
Q

produce sperm and male sex hormone, testosterone

A

testes

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35
Q
A

seminiferous tubules

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36
Q

sperm structures

A
  1. head
  2. midpiece
  3. tail
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37
Q

parts of the female reproductive system

A
  1. ovaries
  2. uterine tubes/oviduct
  3. vagina
  4. external genitalia
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38
Q

produce milk for newborn baby

A

mammary glands

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39
Q

branched vaginas

A

marsupials

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40
Q

uterus has body and horn

A

dogs, cats, rabbit

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41
Q

Human Female Uterus

A
  1. uterine tube
  2. round ligament
  3. perimetrium
  4. myometrium
  5. endometrium
  6. internal os
  7. cervical canal
  8. external os
  9. fornix
  10. cervix
  11. vagina
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42
Q

propels egg cells

A

cilia

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43
Q

production of gametes

A

gametogenesis

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44
Q
  • formation of sperm
  • continuou and prolific
A

spermatogenesis

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45
Q

how long do each sperm takes to develop

A

7 weeks

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46
Q

different stages of sperm

A
  1. primordial germ cell
  2. spermatogonial stem cell
  3. spermatogonium
  4. primary spermatocyte
  5. secondary spermatocyte
  6. early spermatid
  7. sperm cell
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47
Q

under mitotic divisions

A
  1. spermatogonial stem cell
  2. spermatogonium
  3. primary spermatocyte
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48
Q

after meiosis I (male)

A

secondary spermatocyte

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49
Q

after meiosis II (male)

A

early spermatid

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50
Q

after differentiation (male)

A

sperm cell

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51
Q

where do germ cells progress toward as they mature

A

lumen of seminiferous tubule

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52
Q

enzyme in sperm cell

A

acrosome

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53
Q

how many seminiferous tubules do testes contain

A

1-3 coiled seminiferous tubules

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54
Q

how many sperms does one normal human ejaculate contain

A

several hundred million sperm

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55
Q
  • development of a mature egg
  • prolonged process
A

oogenesis

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56
Q

under mitotic divisions (female)

A
  • oogonium
  • primary oocyte
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57
Q

when is the primary oocyte arrested

A

prophase of meiosis I

58
Q

under meiosis (female)

A
  • secondary oocyte
  • fertilized egg
59
Q

when is the secondary oocyte arrested

A

metaphase of meiosis II

60
Q

when is meiosis II competed

A

after sperm entry

61
Q

formed after the rupture of follicle

A

corpus luteum

62
Q

when does the completion of meiosis I and onset of meiosis II happen

A

start at puberty

63
Q

stages of oocyte

A

in embryo
1. primary oocyte within follicle
2. growing follicle

start at puberty
3. mature follicle
4. ruptured follicle (ovulated secondary oocyte)
5. corpus luteum
6. degenerating corpus luteum

64
Q

spermatogenesis:
after meiosis I and II

A

4 functional spermatozoa

65
Q

spermatogenesis:
start of development

A
  • dont begin until puberty
  • continues throughout life
66
Q

spermatogenesis:
meiotic arrest

A
  • no prolonged meiotic arrest
  • entire process completed in more than 2 months
67
Q

spermatogenesis:
size

A

mature sperms smaller than spermatogonia

68
Q

spermatogenesis:
nutrition

A

contribution by Sertoli cells

69
Q

spermatogenesis:
energy source

A
  • rely on seminal fluid
  • little or no RNA synthesis occurs
70
Q

oogenesis:
after meiosis I and II

A
  • ooctye + 1st polar body
  • oocyte + 2nd polar body
71
Q

oogenesis:
start of development

A

meiosis I begins in embryo and not completed until onset of puberty

72
Q

oogenesis:
meiotic arrest

A
  • prolonged arrest in prophase I diploete stage for 40 yrs
  • 2nd arrest occurs in metaphase II
73
Q

oogenesis:
size

A

mature ova larger than oogonia

74
Q

oogenesis:
nutrition

A

eggs take up large quantities of materials produced by liver

75
Q

oogenesis:
energy source

A
  • stores both energy sources and precursos of proteins and nucleic acids
  • produces and stores up much RNA
76
Q

coordinates human reproduction

A

hormones from hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, and gonads

77
Q

secreted by the hypothalamus that directs the release of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary

A

Gonadotrpin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

78
Q

what does GnRH direct the release of

79
Q

FSH

A

follicle-stimulating hormone

80
Q

LH

A

luteinizing hormone

81
Q

where is FSH and Lh from

A

anterior pituitary

82
Q

what are the main sex hormones

A

steroid hormones

83
Q

main androgen

A

testosterone

84
Q

what does estrogen consist mainly of

A
  • estradiol
  • progesterone
85
Q

other function of sex horones asside from gamete production

A
  • sexual behavior
  • development of primary and secondary sex characteristics
86
Q

FSH effect

A

Sertoli cells release inhibin

87
Q

LH effect

A

Leydig cells secrete testosterone

88
Q

negative feedback of inhibin

A

anterior pituitary

89
Q

negative feedback of testosterone

A
  • anterior pituitary
  • hypothalamus
90
Q

nourish developing sperm

A

Sertoli cells

91
Q

secrete testosterone and other androgens which promote spermatogenesis

A

Leydig cells

92
Q

what does testosterone regulate

A

production of GnRH, FSH, and LH

93
Q

reduces FSH secretion fro the atnerior pituitary

A

Inhibin (from Sertoli cells)

94
Q

where is FSH produced from

A

pituitary gland

95
Q
  • aids sperm maturation
  • increases testosterone production
A

FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone)

96
Q

controls pituitary secretion

A

GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone)

97
Q

source of GnRH

A

hypothalamus

98
Q

inhibits FSH secretion n

99
Q

source of inhibin

A

sustentacular cells

100
Q

stimulates testosterone secretion

A

LH or ICSH

101
Q

ICSH

A

interstitial cell-stimulating hormone

102
Q

source of LH or ICSH

A

pituitary gland

103
Q
  • increases sperm production
  • stimulates development of male primary and secondary sexual characteristics
  • inhibits LH secretion
A

testosterone

104
Q

source of testosteron

A

interstitial cells in testes

105
Q

shedding of endometrium

A

menstruation

106
Q

changes in the uterus

A

define menstrual or uterine cycle

107
Q

changes in ovaries

A

define ovarian cycle

108
Q

where is the pattern of hormone secretion intricately related to

A

cyclical release of secondary oocyte from the ovary

109
Q
  • stimulates thickening of uternine wall, maturation of oocyte, and development of female sexual characteristics
  • inhibits FSH secretion
  • increases LH secretion
A

estrogen (estradiol)

110
Q

source of estrogen in female

A

ovarian follicle, corpus luteum

111
Q
  • causes immature oocyte and follicle to develop
  • increases estrogen secretion
  • stimulates new gamete formation and development of uterine wall after menstruation
A

FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone)

112
Q

controls pituitary secretion

A

GnRH (gonadotrpin-releasing horomone)

113
Q

inhibits secretion of FSH from the anterior pituitary gland

114
Q

source of inhibin in female

115
Q
  • prevents corpus luteum from disintegrating
  • stimulates corpus luteum to secrete estrgen and progesterone
A

hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)

116
Q

source of hCG

A

embryonic membranes and placenta

117
Q
  • stimulates further development of oocyte and follicle
  • stimulates ovulation
  • increases progesteron secretion
  • aids in development of corpus luteum
A

LH (luteinizing hormone)

118
Q

soruce of LH

A

pituitary gland

119
Q

stimulates uterine contraction during labor and milk release during nursing

120
Q

source of oxytocin

A

pituitary gland

121
Q

promotes milk secretion by mammary glands after childbirth

122
Q

source of prolactin

A

pituitary gland

123
Q

stimulates thickening of uterine wall

A

progesterone

124
Q

source of progesteron

A

corpus luteum

125
Q

increases flexibility of pubic symphysis during pregnancy and helps dilate uterine cervix during labor and delivery

126
Q

source of relaxin

A

placenta and ovaries

127
Q

characterize the follicular phase of teh ovarian cycle

A
  • follicle growth
  • increase in estradiol
128
Q

thickening of the endometrium during the poliferative phase

A

coordinates with the follicular phase

129
Q

secretion of nutrients during the secretory phase

A

coordinates with luteal phase

130
Q

shedding of the endometrium furing teh menstural flow phase

A

coordinates with the growth of new ovarian follicles

131
Q
  • follicle matures in the ovary
  • menstruation
  • endometrium rebuilds
A

follicular phase (1-5 days)

132
Q

ovary releases secondary oocyte

A

ovulation (6-24 days)

133
Q
  • corpus luteum forms
  • endometrium thickens and becomes glandular
A

luteal phase (15-28 days)

134
Q

pregnancy outside the uterus

A

ectopic pregnancy

135
Q

swelling of endometrium

A

endometriosis

136
Q

cessation of ovulation and menstruation

137
Q

menopause happens after about how many cycles

A

500 cycles

138
Q

how might menopause evolved

A

allow a mother to provide better care for her children and grandchildren

139
Q
  • endometrium is reabsorbed by the uterus
  • sexual receptivity is limited to a “heat” period
  • length and frequency vary
A

estrous cycle

140
Q

heat period

BIO109 - Developmental Biology (8 decks)

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