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BIO109 - Developmental Biology > Lesson 6 - Fertilization > Flashcards

Lesson 6 - Fertilization Flashcards

1
Q

what do biologists use to study development

A

model organisms

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2
Q
  • process that begins when a sperm cell first makes contact with the covering of the egg
  • ends with the intermingling of maternal and paternal chromosomes at the metaphase plate prior to first cleavage
  • formation of a diploid zygote from haploid egg and sperm
  • reaction of three bodies: sperm, egg, and secretion
A

fertilization

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3
Q

when does fertilization begin

A

sperm cell first makes contact with the covering of the egg

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4
Q

when does fertilization end

A

intermingling of maternal and paternal chormosomes at metaphase plate prior to first cleavage division

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5
Q

three bodies that react during fertilization

A

sperm, egg, secretion

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6
Q

types of fertilization

A
  1. exteral
  2. internal
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7
Q

gametes released and fertilized outside of the female body

A

external fertilization

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8
Q

sperm cells are deposited into the female reproductive tract

A

internal fertilization

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9
Q

sperm filled reproductive gland of male fish

A

milt

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10
Q

examples of external fertilization

A
  1. paired spawning in fishes
  2. amplexus in amphibians
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11
Q

packt of sperms that is deposited by salamanders

A

spermatophore

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12
Q
  • male copulatory organ
  • usually held inverted within the body
  • everted for reproduction
  • found lateral to the cloaca
  • surface often have folds, papillae or spines to anchor the male within the female
A

hemipenis

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13
Q

what does the surface of the hemipenis often have

A

folds, papillae, or spines to anchor

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14
Q

copulation in birds

A

cloacal kiss

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15
Q

mating behovior in whales

A

3rd party male props the female against the mating male

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16
Q

courtship in humpback whales

A

pairs surfacing vertically face to face

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17
Q

have the most extreme mating

A

anglerfish

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18
Q

reproductive variation and terminologies

A
  1. parthenogenesis
  2. hermaphroditism
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19
Q
  • development of an egg into new individuals without fertilization
  • “virgin bith”
  • eg. honeybees, nematodes, lizard
A

parthenogenesis

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20
Q
  • condition werein an animal posses both male and female reproductive organs
  • monoecious
  • eg. flatwords, clams, some fish
A

hermaphroditism

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21
Q

variation in hermaphroditism

A
  1. sequential hermaphorditism
  2. simultaneous hermaphroditism
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22
Q

two types of sequential hermaphroditism

A
  1. protogynous
  2. protandrous
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23
Q

female first, male later

A

protogynous

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24
Q

male first, female later

A

protandrous

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25
Q

meiosis in parthenogenesis

A

first division is abortive, reduction never takes place

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26
Q

different types of parthenogenesis

A
  1. arrhenotoky
  2. thelytoky
  3. amphitoky or deuterotoky
  4. automixis
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27
Q

parthenogenesis that gives rise to males

A

arrhenotoky

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28
Q

parthenogenesis that gives rise to females

A

thelytoky

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29
Q

parthenogenesis that gives rise to both sexes

A

amphitoky or deuterotoky

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30
Q

two of the ova produced by a female in one meiosis fuse and then develop

A

automixis

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31
Q

parthenogenetic lizard

A

Komodo dragon

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32
Q

deliver the other half of the genome

A

sperm

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33
Q

prevent polyspermy and start development of new organism

A

egg

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34
Q

where is the nucleus located

A

animal pole

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35
Q

large, transcriptionally active chromosomes found in the germinal vesicle of oocytes (egg cells) of many animals, characterized by lateral loops that are sites of intense RNA synthesis

A

Lampbrush chromosomes

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36
Q

birds: place for reception of the ovulated egg cell and for fertilization

A

infundibulum

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37
Q

birds: synthesis and deposition of proteins (albumin)

A

magnum

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38
Q

birds: synthesis of two shell membranes

A

isthmus

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39
Q

birds: where synthesis of the shell happen

A

uterus

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40
Q

birds: storage of sperm cells and has no function in the synthesis of the egg

A

vagina

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41
Q

birds: opening

A

cloaca

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42
Q

size of human sperm cells

A

50-70μm

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43
Q

contains the half of the genome and acrosome containing the enzymes

A

head

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44
Q

contains enzymes

45
Q

contains the mitochondira which provides the ATP for its journey to the egg

A

middle piece

46
Q

for locomotion of sperm

A

tail or flagella

47
Q

important components in fertilization

A
  1. initial membrane contact between egg and sperm
  2. entry of sperm cell into the egg
  3. prevention of polyspermy by the egg
  4. metabolic activation of the egg
  5. completion of meiosis by the egg
  6. formation and fusion of male and female pronuclei
48
Q

hours within the female reproductive tract

49
Q

play a crucial role in sperm maturation and function by modifying sperm surface glycoproteins during epididymal transit, influencing sperm binding and fertilization.

A

Glycosyltransferases

50
Q

what must the spermatozoa pervade before reaching the ovum proper

A
  • corona radiata
  • zona pellucida
51
Q

enzymes released by the acrosome

A
  1. hyaluronidase
  2. acrosin
52
Q

corona-penetrating enzyme

A

hyaluronidase

53
Q

trypsin-like protease which digests the zona pellucida

54
Q
  • primary receptors
  • N-acetyluglucosamine, galactose and zona receptor kinase
55
Q
  • maintains binding of the sperm
  • inner acrosomal membrane
56
Q

cross link the ZP3 and ZP2

57
Q

binding of the sperm to the zona pellucida

A
  1. sperm adhesion proteins
  2. ZP-3 receptors
  3. cascade of transduction pathways
  4. G-protein and kinase
  5. IP3 synthesis and release of calcium ions from sarcoplasmic reticulum
58
Q

acrosome acts as what

A

enzymatic drill to allow passage of sperm into the egg cytoplasm

59
Q

what triggers acrosomal reaction

A

when sperm meets the egg

60
Q

what happens during gamete contact and/or fusion

A
  • depolarizes egg cell membrane
  • sets up a fast block to polyspermy
61
Q

what is also initiated when there is fusion of egg and sperm

A

cortical reaction

62
Q

what is the cortical reaction

A
  1. calcium-dependent exocytotic process triggered by fertilization
  2. egg releases contents of cortical granules into the perivitelline space, preventing polyspermy (multiple sperm fertilizing one egg)
63
Q

what does the fertilization envelope act as in cortical reaction

A

slow block to polyspermy

64
Q

what does the cortical reaction require

A

high conc. of Ca2+ ions

65
Q

triggers cortical reaction

A

change in Ca2+ concen.

66
Q
  • create osmotic graident
  • water enters, swelling of space between plasma membrane and vitelline membrane
67
Q

cleave protein link bet plasma membrane and vitelline membrane

68
Q

promotes hardening of zona pellucida and inactivation of the receptors

A

peroxidase

69
Q

increases the rates of cellular respiration and protein synthesis by the egg cell

A

rise in Ca2+ in cytosol

70
Q

fusion of pronuclei

A

amphimixis

71
Q

amphimixis

A
  1. entry of the sperm into the egg activates the egg to resume its second meiotic division -> 2nd polar body
  2. sperm nucleus enlarges and undergoes decondensation of chromatin materials
  3. approximation of sperm and egg pronuclei
  4. fusion and breakdown of their nuclear membranes
  5. recondensation of chromosomes in mitotic spindle
  6. true diploid nucleus appeared in the 2 cell stage, not in zygote
72
Q

when does a true diploid nucleus first appear

A

2-cell stage, not in zygote

73
Q

30 degree movement of the cortical cytoplasm that leads to the appearance of gray crescent

A

cortical rotation

74
Q

why is the gray crescent an important landmark

A
  1. site of gastrulation
  2. region opposite the sperm entry
  3. turns into Spemann’s organizer, a signaling center
75
Q

how does mammalian fertilization differ from that of the sea urchin and frog

A

frog fertilization has coritcal rotation, leading to the appearance of the gray crescent

76
Q

do the sperms always enter at the animal pole?

A
  • in amphioxus, sperms enter in the vegital pole
  • in fishes and insects, micropyle
77
Q

what are the results of fertilization

A
  1. restores diploid condition of species
  2. determines genetic sex of embryo
  3. activates egg to undergo development
  4. establishes 2ndary polarity of the embryo
78
Q

site of sperm entry

A

anterior and ventral region

79
Q

opposite region of sperm entry

A

posterior and dorsal region

80
Q

alter sperm motility and structure in mammals

A

secretions in mammalian female reproductive tract

81
Q

physiological process where sperm undergo changes in the female reproductive tract, enabling them to penetrate and fertilize an egg, including increased motility and the ability to undergo the acrosome reaction

A

Sperm capacitation

82
Q

extracellular matrix of the egg

A

zona pellucida

83
Q

what kind of block is triggered when sperm binds to zona pellucida in mammals

A

slow block to polyspermy

84
Q

when does the first cell division occur in mammals

A

12-36 hours after sperm binding

85
Q

sea urchin vs mammals:
fertilization

A

sea urchin: external
mammals: internal

86
Q

sea urchin vs mammals:
covering

A

sea urchin: noncellular jelly coat
mammals: cellular layer

87
Q

sea urchin vs mammals:
completion of 2nd meiotic division

A

sea urchin: before entry of spermatozoon
mammals: before union of maternal and paternal genetic material

88
Q

fertilization in mammals

A
  1. release of cortical granules causing the zona reaction, preventing further sperm penetration
  2. completeion of 2nd meiotic division and extrusion of 2nd polar body
  3. formation of female pronucleus
89
Q

covers the egg of sea urchin

A

thick jelly coat composed of small peptides, glycoproteins, and polysaccharide containing fucose sulfate units

90
Q

increases motility of sea urchin spermatozoa

A

cluster together

91
Q

responsible for increased motility and activated respiration that occur when sperm contacts the jelly coat

A

speract (decapeptide)

92
Q

stimulates the acrosome reaction which is stimulated by an exchange of extracellular Ca with intracellular K

A

fucose sulfate polysaccharide or a glycoprotein

93
Q

pH that begins localized fusion of outer acrosomal membrane with plasma membrane resulting to breakdown

A

intracellular pH . 7.2

94
Q

what happens with acrosome reaction in Arbacia sea urchin

A
  • release of soluble enzymes located within acrosome vesicle
  • polymerization of g-actin (globular) to f-actin (filamentous)
95
Q

forms the basis of acrosomal process or filament

96
Q

protein that mediates sperm binding to the surface of the egg

97
Q

help the sperm to digest the vitelline envelope

98
Q

ensure only one sperm of the same species fertilizes the egg

A

extracellular region

99
Q
  • remains constant among different species
  • serve to stimulate a signal transduction event that initiate changes that affect the egg after sperm-egg membrane fusion
A

intracellular region

100
Q

after sperm-egg fusion, what engulf the head of sperm

A

group of microvilli

101
Q

bulge due to microvilli engulfing head of sperm after sperm-egg fusion

A

fertilization cone

102
Q

seconds in fast block

A

2-3 seconds and lasts for 60 seconds

103
Q

Steps in slow block to polyspermy in sea urchins

A
  1. plasma membrane generates a resting membrane potential = egg no longer permits the fusion of other sperm to its plasma membrane
  2. Mobilization of Ca bound within the egg = wave of free Ca released initiates cortical reaction -> rupture of cortical granules and the release into the perivitelline space
  3. release of ovoperoxidase from the cortical granules
104
Q

Cortical granules move to inner surface of plasma membrane ->

A

fusion -> doubles the surface membrane of egg

105
Q

what does the hydrated mucopolysaccharide form

A

hyaline layer between plasma and fertilization membrane

106
Q
  • hardens the fertilization membrane into a tough envelope that surrounds the early embryo
  • kills any sperm that have penetrated the vitelline envelope
A

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)

107
Q

animals where polyspermy is normal

A
  • urodele
  • amphibians
  • birds
108
Q

Metabolic activation of egg

A
  1. binding of sperm to receptor site
  2. minor influx of sodium ions; membrane potential change
  3. liberation of Ca ions from intracellular depots; cortical reaction, release of acid; conversion of NAD to NADP; rise in oxygen consumption
  4. increase intracellular pH
  5. increase in protein synthesis; activation of transport systems
  6. fusion of egg and sperm nuclei; initiation of DNA synthesis
  7. first cell division

BIO109 - Developmental Biology (14 decks)

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