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BIO109 - Developmental Biology > Lecture 2 - Concepts in Developmental Biology > Flashcards

Lecture 2 - Concepts in Developmental Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Concepts in Developmental Biology

A
  1. Genomic Equivalence
  2. Cell Differentiation
  3. Selective Gene Expression
  4. Morphogenesis
  5. Homeotic Genes
  6. Homeobox Genes
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2
Q

directive influence that determine the course of normal development

A

preformed

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3
Q

direct initial developmental stages

A
  • maternal genes and
  • egg cytoplasm
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4
Q

direct development after cleavage

A

zygotic genes

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5
Q
  • products of the genes
  • include the environmental factors which affect development along the way
A

progressively formed

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6
Q
  • each cell in the body has the same genetic material
  • all the information necessary to produce a complete gene is present in each cell
A

genomic equivalence

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7
Q
  • the restricition of nuclear potency
  • ultimate test of whether the nucleus of a differentiated cell has undergone any irreversible functional restriction is to have that nucleus generate every other type of differentiated cell in the body
A

amphibian cloning

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8
Q
  • total capacity of a cell to give rise to a complete embyro
  • direct the entire development of the organism
  • true for cells in the early stages of development
A

totipotency

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9
Q

ability to give rise to several types of cell, but not all –> incomplete embryo

A

pleuripotency

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10
Q

did the nuclear transfer in amphibians

A
  • M. DiBerardino and
  • N. Hoffner Orr.
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11
Q

how was Dolly created

A
  • mammary gland cell nucleus fused with an enucleated oocyte
  • implanted in a surrogate mother
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12
Q
  • generation of cellular diversity from unicellular zygote
  • the process by which a cell becomes different in structure and function
  • morphological and functional expression of a portion of the genome
  • a cell specialized in one or few synthetic pathways
A

cell differentiation

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13
Q

what is produced due to cell differentiation

A

cell diversity

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14
Q

what is the common set of genes shared by different cell types

A

common set of “housekeeping” gene products

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15
Q
  • why there is cell differentiation
  • aka differential gene expression
  • genes are activated differently dependin on time and space
  • depression of certain genes at different times and in different cells
  • tunr genes on/off
A

selective gene expression

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16
Q

selective gene expression is aka what

A

differential gene expression

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17
Q

where does the activation of genes depend on

A
  • time (phase development)
  • space (specific cell)
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18
Q
  • transient increase in the number of certain genes without mitosis
  • an adaptive response for meeting the synthetic requirements of the developing egg
A

selective gene amplification

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19
Q

when does selective gene amplification happen

A

during the early diplotene stage of meiosis

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20
Q

what happens in selective gene amplification

A

nucleoli in germinal vesicle are active in the synthesis of ribosomal RNA

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21
Q

where are the rRNA packaged into during selective gene amplification

A

about 1500 extra nucleoli beneath the nuclear membrane

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22
Q
  • one of the most important varieties of embryonic signal calling
  • cells induce or influence adjacent cells to change its behavior
  • embryonic tissue induce change to responding tissue which must posses competence to respond to the inducer
A

embryonic induction

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23
Q

induce change

A

inductor (embryonic tissue)

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24
Q

responds to inducer

A

responding tissue

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25
Q

what must the responding tissue posses to respong to the inducer

A

competence

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26
Q

induces neurulation and axis development

A
  • notochord or
  • chordamesoderm
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27
Q

a set of processes that mold the internal and external configuration of an embryo

A

morphogenesis

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28
Q
  • spatial and temporal distribution or organization of differentiated cells
  • takes place under tight genetic control
  • is the laying down of the morphogenetic blueprint/body plan
  • defining the main body axes
  • change in form
A

pattern formation

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29
Q

pattern formation is what

A

spatial and temporal distribution or organization of differentiated cells

30
Q

ex of pattern formation

A

development of arms - upper, lower and fingers

31
Q

pattern formation takes place under what?

A

tight genetic control

32
Q

pattern formation is the laying down of the what

A

morphogenetic blueprint/body plan

33
Q

realization of the plan

A

change in form

34
Q

examples of morphogenesis

A
  1. limb formation
  2. establishment of the fundamental axes
  3. branching of ducts within the glands
  4. formation of the loops and whorls of the fingers (fingerprints)
35
Q

Six processes involved in morphogenesis

A
  1. cell proliferation
  2. cell migration
  3. cell aggregation/ cell adhesion
  4. secretion of extracellluularr substances
  5. change in cell shape
  6. localized cell death/apoptosis
36
Q

cell proliferation

A

cleavage

37
Q

cell migration

A

gastrla stage

38
Q

ex of localized cell death

A

formation of fingers

39
Q
  • characterized by rapid cell divisions which results to teh increase in number of cells
  • mitotic divisions
A

cell proliferation

40
Q
  • process wherein cells or groups of cells move from one part of the embryo to another
  • may involve short migrations of individual cell or massive dislocation of groups or sheets of cells over relative great distance
A

cell migration

41
Q

ex of cell migration

A
  • invagination
  • involution
42
Q

sheet of cells bends inward

A

Invagination

43
Q

tissue sheet rolls inward

A

involution

44
Q

process of apoptosis or programmed cell death

A
  1. normal cell
  2. cell shrinkage, chromatin condensation
  3. membrane blebbing
  4. nuclear collapse, continued blebbing
  5. apoptotic body formation
  6. lysis of apoptotic bodies
45
Q

process where a cell’s plasma membrane bulges outward and forms bubbles or protrusions

A

Blebbing

46
Q

examples of apoptosis

A
  1. resorption of the tadpole tail
  2. separation of the digits in the embryonic hand and feet
  3. selective cell death of neurons that leave specialized connections
47
Q
  • set of genes that specify the antero-posterior axis and segment idneityt during the early stages of metazoan development
  • critical for the proper placement of certain embryonic structures like legs, antennae and eye
A

homeotic genes

48
Q
  • sequence of 180 base pairs which defines the homeotic genes
  • codes for the 61 amino acid protein known as homeodomain
A

homeobox genes

49
Q

no. of base pairs in homeobox genes

A

180 base paris

50
Q

61 amino acid protein the homeobox codes

A

homeodomain

51
Q

where are homeobox genes expressed

A

highly specific sites and stages of development

52
Q
  • an example of a homeobox gene complex
  • are expressed along the craniocaudal axis of the body in the same way as they were arranged in the chromosome
A

hox genes

53
Q

where are hox genes expressed

A

along the craniocaudal axis of teh body in the same was as they are arranged in the chromosome

54
Q

no of clusters of hox genes in mammals

A

4 (A-D)

55
Q

within a given cluster of hox genes, how many subfamilies are there

A

13 subfamilies or paralogous group of genes

56
Q
  • arranged in strict order along their respective chromosomes
  • transcribed in the same order from the 5’ end to the 3’ end
A

paralogous chromosomes

57
Q

the homeobox gene is known as what of developmental biology?

A

Rosetta Stone

58
Q
  • interpret the positional information along the antero-posterior body axis
  • both vertebrates and invertebrates have similar types, order of genes in chrom. and pattern of expression
A

hox genes

59
Q

diversity of body forms in animals may be due to what?

A
  1. verts have 4 hox gene clusters, inverts have 1
  2. way they interpret the expression differ (time/space)
  3. gene underwent duplication and divergence which lead to different functions of proteins
  4. neural crest cells absent in inverts
60
Q

occurs through discrete and interacting modules
- organisms are contructed of units that are parts of larger units

A

modularity

61
Q

allows the formation of redundant structures

A

duplication

62
Q

allows the structure to assume a new role

A

divergence

63
Q

involves heterochrony and allometry

A

dissociation

64
Q

retention of larval traits due

A

heterochrony

65
Q

heterochrony is due to what?

A
  • heterochronic expression of certain genes and
  • gene mutation in the induction competence system
66
Q
  • different parts of the organism grow at different rates
  • may involve altering a target cell’s sensitivity to growth factors or altering the amount of GF produced
A

allometry

67
Q
  • distinguish between verts from protochordates and inverts
  • protochordates have dorsal neural tube and notochord but no real “head”
A

neural crest cells

68
Q

responsible for the development of face, skull and branchial arches

A

cranial NC

69
Q

allows for more efficient predation with sensory structures adjacent to the prey-capturing jaws

A

cephalization

70
Q

one gene specify neuron or antero-posterior axis in larval stage

A

co-option

71
Q

ex of co-option

A
  1. enzyme in liver or crystalin protein in lens
  2. wings - different forearms with new or diff. functions (flippers, arms)

BIO109 - Developmental Biology (3 decks)

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