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BIO109 - Developmental Biology > Lesson 1 - Introduction > Flashcards

Lesson 1 - Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

“the greatest progressive minds of embryology have not looked for hypotheses; they have looked at embryos”

A

Jane Oppenheimer (1955)

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2
Q

merging of two sciences that are intricately intertwined in the development of the organisms

A

developmental biology

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3
Q

the two sciences that were merged to form developmental biology

A
  • embryology
  • genetics
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4
Q

what is the central paradox of life

A

how a single fertilized egg can five rise to a multicellular complex organism

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5
Q

study of the origin and development of an organism from a fertilized egg to the period resembling an adult form

A

embryology

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6
Q

importance of embryology

A

foundation of modern sciences

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7
Q

modern sciences

A
  • anatomy
  • pathology
  • genetics
  • evolution
  • histology
  • immunology
  • physiology
  • cellular biology
  • ecology
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8
Q

where is the mechanisms on the development of organisms mainly responsible for

A

great diversity of animals

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9
Q

what does developmental biology deal with

A
  • organogenesis
  • postnatal development
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10
Q

different postnatal developments that were added to embryology to become developmental biology

A
  1. neoplastic growth
  2. metamorphosis
  3. regeneration
  4. tissue repair
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11
Q

abnormal proliferation of cells (tumors)

A

neoplastic growth

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12
Q

striking change of form or structure in an individual after hatching or birth

A

Metamorphosis

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13
Q

the regrowth of body parts from pieces of organism

A

regeneration

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14
Q

repair of tissue at levels of complexity ranging from the molecular to the organismal level

A

tissue repair

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15
Q
  • genetic mechanisms involved in the development of an organism
  • manifestation of traits coded in the genes
  • genotype translated into phenotype
A

developmental genetics

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16
Q

two times bigger than ordinardy zebra

A

zebroid foal

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17
Q

Different fields of embryology

A
  1. descriptive embryology
  2. comparative embryology
  3. experimental embryology
  4. chemical embryology
  5. reproductive embryology
  6. teratology
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18
Q

accounts on the processes of development which transformed a single cell zygote to a multicellular organism

A

descriptive embryology

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19
Q

what question does descriptive embryology answer

A

what

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20
Q
  • analysis of similarities and differences in the develpment of different vertebrate groups
  • provides insight that ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny
A

comparative embryology

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21
Q

when did comparative embryology emerge

A

19th century

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22
Q

what does comparative embryollogy provide

A

valuable clues to taxonomic relationship among species by studying embryonic development

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23
Q

greatest interest in evolution, dominating factor in biology

A

driving force

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24
Q

what did comparative embryology lead to

A
  • recognition of different moes of development of many species
  • adoption of a number of species as model systems for experimental studies
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25
Q

stage in which embryos of different groups are virtually alike

A

stage 1

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26
Q

testing a hypothesis and manipulating the embryo by experiments

A

experimental embryology

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27
Q

an organ or tissue removed from one individual to be transplanted into another belonging to the same species

A

homotransplantation

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28
Q

refers to the process of grafting or transplanting organs or tissues between members of different species

A

Xenotransplantation

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29
Q

one of the pioneers of experimental biology

A

Wilhelm Roux

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30
Q

acquisition of detailed structural information on embryos

A

experimental embryology

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31
Q

cells that can develop into any cell type in an organism, including embryonic and extraembryonic tissues

A

Totipotent cells

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32
Q
  • unspecialized cells that can differentiate into a limited number of specialized cell types
  • found in specific tissues and are responsible for tissue repair and regeneration.
A

Multipotent stem cells

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33
Q

can only develop into all cell types within the body itself, not the extraembryonic tissues

A

pluripotent cell

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34
Q

when did Wilhelm Roux pioneer in the field of experimental embryology

A

1850-1924

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35
Q

what did Wilhelm Roux’s experiments provided proof for

A

preformation or epigenesis doctrine

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36
Q

what term did Roux coin

A

developmental mechanics

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37
Q

preferred the term epigenetics

A

Waddington

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38
Q

development is brought about by a series of causal interaction between the various parts

A

epigenetics

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39
Q

what did Waddington remind

A

genetic factors are among the most important determinants of development

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40
Q

arose from the rapid growth of research related to problems of conception and contraception

A

reproductive biology

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41
Q

where does reproductive biology place a heavy emphasis on

A
  1. normal gametogenesis
  2. transport of gametes and fertilization
  3. endocrinology of reproduction
  4. early embryonic development
  5. implantation of the mammalian embryo
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42
Q
  • chemical and physical events in development
  • interacton of factors affecting development
  • provided descriptive information about chemical and physiological events in the embryo
A

chemical embryology

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43
Q

when did chemical embryology rise

A

1930-1940

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44
Q
  • study of birth defects
  • deals with abnormalities and malformations in development due to genetic events and exogenous factors
A

teratology

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45
Q

genetic events in teratology

A
  1. mutations
  2. aneuploidy
  3. translocation
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46
Q

exogenous factors in teratology

A
  1. drugs
  2. radiation
  3. alcohol
  4. bacteria and viruses
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47
Q

condition in which the long bones of the limbs are either absent or severely deficient

A

phocomelia

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48
Q

where is phocomelia derived from

A
  1. phoco = seal
  2. melia = limb like a seals’ flipper
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49
Q

causes phocomelia

A
  • genetic inheritance and/or mutations due to radiation
  • oral intake of Thalidomide
50
Q

allow childless couples to have children from their own genetic heritage

A
  • in-vitro ferilization (IVF)
  • embryo transfer (ET)
51
Q

problems of IVF and ET

A
  1. obtaining fertile eggs from mother by laparoscopy - problem of ferility drugs
  2. surrogate mothers - refusal to give up baby
  3. frozen embryos
  4. manipulation of embryos - chimeras, cloning
  5. gene transfer
  6. diagnosis of genetic diseases
52
Q

process of creating a genetically identical living being

A

cloning

53
Q

first ever cloned animal

A

Dolly

54
Q

who successfully cloned Dolly

A

researchers from Roslin Institute

55
Q

Pioneers in Developmental Biology

A
  1. Aristotle
  2. Galen
  3. Anton van Leeuwenhoek and Hamm
  4. Reiner de Graaf
  5. Lazzaro Spallanzani
  6. Marcello Malpighi
  7. Karl Ernst von Baer
  8. Caspar Friedrich Wolff
  9. Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann
  10. August Weissman
  11. Ernst Haeckel
  12. Hans Adolf Eduard Driesch
  13. Hans Spemann and Hilde Mangoid
  14. Wilhelm Johannsen
  15. Wilhelm Roux
  16. Salome Gluecksohn
  17. Conrad Hal Waddington
56
Q
  • posed the question on how the different parts of embryo were formed
  • defined preformation and epigenesis
A

aristotle (384-322 BC)

57
Q

what did aristotle define

A
  • preformation
  • epigenesis
58
Q

a minature embryo already existed and got bigger

A

preformation

59
Q

gradual formation of new structure (like knitting of net)

A

epigenesis

60
Q

two schools of thought

A
  1. spermists
  2. ovists
61
Q

the sperm contained the new individual in miniature and is merely nourished in the ovum

A

spermists

62
Q

tiny human in the head of sperm

A

encasement concept “homunculus”

63
Q

argued that the ovum contained a minute body which was stimulated to grow by the seminal fluid

A

ovists

64
Q

he strengthened the ovists’ cause when he discovered that some of the eggs of insects can develop parthenogenetically

A

Charles Bonnet

65
Q
  • learned much about the strcture of relatively advanced fetuses
  • Restriction: the minute dimenstions of early embryos prevented serious analysis
  • Solution: development of microscope (17th century)
A

Galen (130-200 AD)

66
Q

restriction in Galen’s time

A

minute dimensions of early embryos prevented serious analysis

67
Q

solution of Galen’s restriction

A

development of microscope in 17th cen.

68
Q
  • first to see human sperms with a crude microscope
  • from a drop of pond water, he saw bacteria, protozoans, and the sperm cells
A
  • Anton van Leeuwenhoek
  • Hamm
    (1677)
69
Q

what did Anton van Leeuwenhoek and Hamm use to see human sperms and other minute objects

A

crude microscopes

70
Q
  • founder of modern reproductive biology
  • described the ovarian follicles
  • first to describe the fallopian tubes
A

Reinier de Graaf (1672)

71
Q

what did Reinier de Graaf describe

A
  • ovarian follicles
  • fallopian tubes
72
Q
  • demonstrated that in normal circumstancs, both female and male sex products are necessary for the initiation of development
  • Italian priest, physiologist, and natural scientist
A

Lazzaro Spallanzani (1729-1799)

73
Q
  • accurately described the development of the chick in its egg
  • published the first microscopic accound of chick development (1672)
  • unconvinced of epigenesis because the unincubated egg had many structures
  • italian embryologist
A

Marcello Malpighi (17th century)

74
Q

what did Marcello Malpighi accurately describe

A

development of chick in its egg

75
Q

when did Marcello Malpighi publish the first microscopic account of chick development

A

1672

76
Q

why is Marcello Malpighi unconvinced of epigenesis

A

because the unincubated egg had many structures

77
Q
  • developed the science of comparative embryology
  • existence of germ layers in embryos
  • Russian zoologist
A

Karl Ernst von Baer (1792-1876)

78
Q

what did Karl Ernst von Baer develop

A

developed comparative embryology

79
Q

“The more general basic features of any animal group appear earlier in development than do the special features that are peculiar to different members of the group”

A

Von Baer’s Law

80
Q

What is Von Baer’s Law

A

“The more general basic features of any animal group appear earlier in development than do the special features that are peculiar to different members of the group”

81
Q

what did Karl Ernst von Baer propose

A

Germ layer theory

82
Q

development of ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm

A

germ layer theory

83
Q

what did Karl Ernst von Baer investigate

A

cleavage

84
Q

what did Karl Ernst von Baer discover

A
  • chick notochord
  • mammalian egg
85
Q

Three main points of Von Baer’s Law

A
  1. general features of a large group of animal appear earlier in development than do the specialized features of a smaller group
  2. demonstrated the existence of germ layers in embryos
  3. with the formulation of cell theory, the foundation of modern embryology was laid down and embryology as a sicence began
86
Q

Von Baer’s Law:
- appear earlier in development than the specialized features of a smaller group

A

general features of large group

87
Q
  • proposed that embryonic development occurs through progressive remodeling and growth
  • supported the theory of epigenesis
  • German biologist
A

Caspar Friedrich Wolff (18th century)

88
Q
  • proposed the cell theory
  • development must be via epigenesis
  • the foundation of moderm embryology was laid down and embryology as a science began
A
  1. Matthias Schleiden
  2. Theodor Schwann
89
Q

what does the Cell Theory state

A
  1. cells are basic unit of life
  2. cells arose only from pre-existing cells
  3. cells contain genetic information which is inherited by the offspring
90
Q
  • observed sea urchin’s egg fertilization and cleavage
  • distinguished betwen soma and germ-cell line
A

August Weissmann (1880)

91
Q

what did August Weissman distinguish

A

somatic cells from germ cells

92
Q

vehicle for protecting and perpetuating germ plasm

A

somatic cells

93
Q
  • import for perpetuation of the species
  • where offspring inherit their characteristics
A

germ cells

94
Q

what did August Weissmann say about the zygotes

A

contains two nuclei derived from egg and sperm

95
Q

what did the nuclei contain according to August Weissmann

A

factors that are asymmetrically distributed in the daughter cells

96
Q

what predetermines the fate of each cell in the egg

A

factors it would receive during cleavage

97
Q

what is the model of the egg receiving asymmetric factors called

A

mosaic

98
Q

what are the major phases of the life cycle of a typical vertebrate

A

ADULT -> gametogenesis -> egg + sperm -> fertilization -> cleavage -> gastrulation -> organogenesis -> fetal growth -> hatching or birth -> juvenile -> ADULT -> senescence -> death

99
Q
  • developed the controversial recapitulation theory / biogenetic law
  • claims that an individual organism’s biological development, or ontogeny, parallels and summarizes its species’ entire evolutionary development or phylogeny
A

Ernst Haeckel (1868)

100
Q

what did Ernst Haeckel develop

A

Recapitulation theory / Biogenetic Law

101
Q

what does the Recapitulation theory / Biogenetic Law state

A

ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny

102
Q
  • demonstrated that it was possible to remove large pieces from eggs, such as shuffling the blastomeres at will or taking some away and thus interfere in many ways, yet not affect the resulting embryo
  • any single monad in the original egg cell was capable of forming any part of the completed embryo
  • leads to the terms totipotent and puripotent cell
A

Hans Adolf Eduard Driesch (1867-1941)

103
Q

what did Hans Adolf Eduard Driesch demonstrate

A

it was possible to remove large pieces from eggs, such as shuffling the blastomeres at will or taking some away and thus interfere in many ways, yet not affect the resulting embryo

104
Q

can generate all cells in an organism

A

totipotent cell

105
Q

totipotent

A

total + potential

106
Q

can generate certain cells in an organism

A

pluripotent cell

107
Q

ability of embryo to develop normally even if some cells are removed or rearranged

A

regulative development

108
Q

what is Roux’s earlier finding that was contradicted by Driesch’s experiment

A

if one of the cells of a two-cell from an embryo is damaged, the remaining cell develops into a half embryo

109
Q
  • did the transplantation experiment
  • led to the discovery of organizer or evocator
A
  1. Hans Spemann
  2. Hilde Mangold
    (1924)
110
Q

what is the transplantation experiment about

A
  • dorsal lip of blastopore grafter from an unpigmented species of newt to blastocoel roof of pigmente species
  • secondary embryo is induced

(partial secondary embryo can be induced by grafting a small region of a new embryo onto a new site on another embryo)

111
Q
  • responsible for controlling the organization of a complete embryonic body
  • blocks the action of BMP-4 by secreting molecules of the proteins chordin and noggin
  • ectodermal cells are allowed to follow their default pathway, which is to become nerve tissue of the brain and spinal cord
A

Spemann-Mangold organizer

112
Q
  • distinguished between genotype and phenotype
  • Danish biologist
A

Wilhelm Johannsen (1857-1957)

113
Q

genetic information or endowment of an organism acquired from its parents

A

genotype

114
Q

visible appearance, internal structure or biochemistry at any stage of development

A

phenotype

115
Q

relationship between genotype and phenotype

A

how the genetic endowment is “translated/expressed” during development to give rise to a functioning organism

116
Q
  • did the ablation experiment or embryonic extirpation
  • development of frog is based on Mosaic mechanism
  • German embryologist
A

Wilhelm Roux in late 1896

117
Q

took 2- and 4-cell from embryos and destroyed some of the cells of each embryo with a hot needle to determine whether the remaining cell will give rise to only have an embryo or could restore the deficiency during subsequent development

A

Ablation Experiment of Embryonic Extirpation

118
Q

Roux’s experiment was done to investigate whose theory?

A

Weismann’s theory

119
Q
  • worked on mutant genes of mouse and Drosophila
  • integrated genetics and embryology = developmental genetics
A
  1. Salome Gluecksohn Waelsch
  2. Conrad Hal Waddington
    (1930)
120
Q

determine the properties of a cell during development

A

genes econde proteins

121
Q
  • development is brought about by a series of causal interactions between the various parts
  • reminds one that genetic factors are among the most important determinants of development
A

epigenetics

BIO109 - Developmental Biology (3 decks)

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