Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Mechanisms of Disease > Reproductive System Pathology > Flashcards

Reproductive System Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the clinical definition of infertility?

A
  • Inability to conceive within one year of trying
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

True or false. Infertility rates are increasing.

A

False. Rates are not increasing, but our screening and treatment options have

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Infertility is present in ___% of the US reproductive-age population.

A

11%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

_____ infertility refers to anything that impacts ova production

A

Ovulatory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

_____ infertility refers to structural damage to the oviducts and prevent movement of the ova or fertilization

A

Tubal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

______ infertility refers to damage that can prevent implantation or maintenance of a pregnancy.

A

Uterine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the potential causes of ovulatory infertility?

A
  1. Hypothalamus/pituitary disease
  2. Insufficient production of gonadotropins
  3. PCOS
  4. Chemotherapy/pelvic irradiation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What causes polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)?

A

Gonadotropin insufficiency; directly damages the ovaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How can infections cause infertility? (3)

A
  1. Inflammation, scars, and adhesions prevent implantation
  2. Block transport/implantation
  3. Can cause ectopic pregnancies
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How can thyroid disease cause infertility?

A
  • Excess TRH, in response to low thyroid hormone levels, induces PRL secretion
  • At high levels, PRL will suppress GnRH
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How do drugs that alter PRL secretion and/or damage to the pituitary cause hyperprolactinemia?

A

Prevent dopamine from inhibiting PRL secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How does excess dopamine affect fertility? (2)

A
  1. Alter gonadotropin release
  2. Directly effect on follicles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are some pretesticular factors that can affect spermatogenesis? (5)

A
  1. Hormones and medications
  2. Systemic diseases
  3. Environmental/lifestyle factors
  4. Dietary deficiencies
  5. Toxins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How do anabolic steroids affect spermatogenesis?

A

Initiate negative feedback loop that reduces LH/FSH levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are some testicular causes of infertility? (4)

A
  1. Elevated testicular temperature
  2. Ionizing radiation and alkylating agents
  3. Developmental disorders
  4. Local infections
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the most common cause of male infertility?

A

Varicocele: abnormally dilated scrotal veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

True or false. Trauma to the testes causes irreversible damage, which leads to infertility

A

False. It can be reversible with early intervention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the two primary circumstances when testicular torsion can occur?

A
  1. Neonatal - in utero or shortly after birth; no anatomic defect
  2. Adult - usually in adolescence
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

If torsion is reversed within _______, patients generally have a full recovery.

A

6 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What genetic diseases can impact sperm production? (2)

A
  1. Klinefelter syndrome
  2. Microdeletions on the Y chromosome
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is cryptorchidism?

A
  • Complete or partial failure of testes to descend during fetal development
22
Q

What histological changes are apparent by the age of 2 in cryptorchidism? (2)

A
  1. Lack of germ cell development (no spermatogonia, spermatocytes, or spermatids
  2. Hyalinization and thickening of basement membrane
23
Q

What are some post-testicular causes of infertility? (3)

A
  1. Ductal obstruction (surgical or congenital)
  2. Ejaculatory issues (obstruction or anejaculation)
  3. Infections (STDs, E. coli)
24
Q

How do Gonorrhea infections affect males and females?

A
  • Males: causes urethritis
  • Females: often asymptomatic; may lead to pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility
25
Q

How does Gonorrhea affect newborns?

A
  • Causes conjucntivities that leads to blindness
26
Q

What bacterium causes gonorrhea? Is it Gram(+) or Gram(-)?

A
  • Neisseria gonorrhoeae
  • Gram(-)
27
Q

What bacterium casues syphilis? Is it Gram(+) or Gram(-)?

A
  • Treponema pallidum
  • Gram(-)
28
Q

What is lymphogranulomma venereum (LGV)?

A
  • Chronic, ulcerative disease caused by certain strains of chlamydia
  • Lesion leads to swelling of lymph nodes which can rupture
  • If left untreated, can cause fibrosis and stricture of structures of the lower urogenital tract
29
Q

Both HSV-1 and HSV-2 can infect mucosa, but which is more likely to cause genital herpes?

A

HSV-2

30
Q

How can herpes virus remain latent?

A

Infecting nearby nerves

31
Q

What are the symptoms of herpes? (6)

A
  1. Lesions to the skin
  2. Corneal lesions (blindness)
  3. Encephalitis
  4. Bronchopneumonia
  5. Esophagitis
  6. Hepatits
32
Q

What is dysmenorrhea?

A
  • Irregular menstrual symptoms
  • Excessive pain
33
Q

What is menorrhagia?

A

Excessive menstrual bleeding

34
Q

What is metrorrhagia?

A

Irregular and excessive menstrual bleeding

35
Q

What is amenorrhea?

A

Lack of menstrual bleeding

36
Q

When is amenorrhea normal?

A
  • Pregnancy
  • Menopause
37
Q

What are some abnormal causes of amenorrhea? (4)

A
  • Scarring of the uterus after infection
  • Gonadal failure
  • Resistance to gonadotropic normones
  • Insufficient gonadotropin secretion
38
Q

What is the presence of endometrium outside the uterus?

A

Endometriosis

39
Q

What are the symptoms of endometriosis?

A
  • Dysmenorrhea
  • Pelvic pain
  • Infertility
40
Q

Approximately 90% of ectopic pregnancies are located in the _____

A

Uterine tubes

41
Q

What are the hallmark symptoms of pre-eclampsia vs. eclampsia?

A
  • Pre-eclampsia - proteinuria
  • Eclampsia - convulsions
42
Q

What is mastitis? When does it typically occur?

A
  • Acute bacterial infection of the mammary glands
  • Occurs during 1st month of breastfeeding
43
Q

In mastitis, which bacterium causes abscesses and which causes cellulitis?

A
  • Abscesses - S. aureus
  • Cellulitis - Strep
44
Q

What is the most common form of prostatitis seen today?

A

Chronic abacterial

45
Q

When is granulomatous prostatitis most commonly seen?

A

Due to cancer/treatment

46
Q

When do you typically see fungal prostatitis?

A

Immunocompromised hosts

47
Q

What part of the prostate is the most common location for benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH)?

A

Transitional zone

48
Q

What is the most common location for inflammation and cancer in the prostate?

A

Peripheral zone

49
Q

Explain the pathogenesis of BPH?

A
  • Circulating testosterone is converted to DHT by 5-alpha-reductase
  • Excessive cell growth due to DHT
50
Q

What are the treatment options for BPH?

A
  1. Reductase inhibitors
  2. Minimally invasive treatments (lasers)
  3. Surgical
51
Q

What are the common symptoms of BPH? (4)

A
  1. Hesitancy
  2. Urgency
  3. Nocturia
  4. Poor urinary stream

Mechanisms of Disease (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions