Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Mechanisms of Disease > Gastrointestinal Pathology > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What is another name for Dental Caries?

A

Cavities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What bacterium is responsible for the formation of dental plaque?

A

Streptococcus mutans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What causes dental caries to form?

A

Oral bacteria convert sugar into acids, which destroy the enamel and dentin of teeth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is gingivitis? Cause?

A
  • Inflammation of the oral mucosa immediately around the teeth
  • Caused by oral bacteria forming biofilm (plaque) beneath the gum line
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the symptoms of gingivitis?

A
  1. Gingival erythema and edema
  2. Bleeding
  3. Changes in contour
  4. Loss of soft tissue around the teeth
  5. Periodontitis (eventual loss of teeth)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

About how much saliva do you produce per day?

A

~ 1.2 liters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the components of saliva? (4)

A
  1. Proteins (enzymes)
  2. Glycoproteins (mucins and conjugated antibodies)
  3. Ions/water (bicarb for buffering)
  4. IgA
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Xerostomia is another name for?

A

Dry mouth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What medication is used to stimulate salivary glands in patients with Xerostomia?

A

Pilocarpine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are some complications of xerostomia? (4)

A
  1. Increased rates of dental caries
  2. Increased risk of candidiasis (oral thrush)
  3. Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)
  4. Dysarthria (difficulty speaking)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is Atresia?

A
  • Lack or limitation of a space or lumen
  • Usually developmental
  • Results in mechanical obstruction of the space or tube
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is a Fistula?

A
  • Abnormal opening between tubes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are esophageal varices?

A
  • Distension of veins around the esophagus
  • Rupture can result in fatal hemorrhage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is reflux esophagitis? What is it known as clinically?

A
  • Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
  • Movement of stomach (or pancreatic) contents into the esophagus
  • Damages the esophageal mucosa
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What nerve is responsible for controlling the lower esophageal sphincter (LES)?

A

Vagus nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What neurotransmitters can act on the LES?

A
  • Nitric oxide (NO)
  • Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What foods can contribute to GERD?

A

**Mint Mochaccino**

  • Peppermint
  • Coffee
  • Chocolate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is a hiatal hernia?

A
  • Herniation of the stomach through the opening of the diaphragm for the esophagus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is Barrett’s esophagus?

A
  • Metaplasia of the esophagus due to stomach acid damage
  • Esophageal epithelium changes from stratified squamous to columnar with goblet cells
  • Precancerous
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What class of drugs are associated with gastric ulcers?

A
  • NSAIDs
  • Aspirin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is duodenal reflux?

A
  • Duodenal contents re-enter the stomach through the pyloric sphincter; brings bile into the stomach
  • Food retention increases, gastric acid is produced
  • Can lead to gastric ulcers
22
Q

What are the functions of prostaglandins in the stomach? (3)

A
  1. Increase mucosal blood flow
  2. Promote bicarbonate and mucus secretion
  3. Stimulate mucosal repair and renewal
23
Q

Why can NSAIDs cause gastritis and ulcers?

A
  • Inhibits prostaglandin production
24
Q

What bacterium is known to cause gastric ulcers?

A

Helicobacter pylori

25
What are the effects of an *H. pylori* infection? (3)
1. Increased acid production through gastrin and somatostatin release 2. Mucosal damage secondary to immune response 3. Reduced bicarbonate secretion by inhibiting urease
26
True or false. Ulcers can be related to stress?
True. Including trauma, surgery, or serious medical disease
27
What is pernicious anemia?
* Failure of DNA synthesis affecting hematopoiesis * Vitamin B12 deficiency, thymidine synthesis impaired
28
True or false. Gastric ulcers are more common than duodenal ulcers?
False. Duodenal are more common; still a result of H. pylori
29
What is a volvulus?
* Intestinal obstruction * Caused by twisting of the bowl
30
What is intussuception?
* Segment of the intestines slides into the next segment * Usually happens during peristalsis
31
How is intussusception treated? (2)
* Contrast or air enemas * Surgery
32
What are some common causes of malabsorption? (4)
1. Celiac disease 2. Pancreatitis 3. Cystic fibrosis 4. Inflammatory bowel disease
33
The most common clinical symptom of malabsorption is \_\_\_\_\_
chronic diarrhea
34
True or false. Celiac disease is autoimmune
False. It's not autoimmune
35
What about celiac disease causes malabsorption?
* Damage from immune response to gluten * Loss of brush borders and villi
36
What is another name for infectious enterocolitis?
Acute IBD
37
How does cholera cause watery stool and diarrhea?
* Vibrio cholera produce toxin * Increased chloride secretion, water follows, leads to watery stool and diarrhea
38
What organism is responsible for causing cholera?
*Vibrio cholera*
39
Explain the pathology of cholera
* bacterium produce an A-B toxin * Increases chloride secretion, which in turn causes water excretion
40
What organism is responsible for causing Traveler's diarrhea? How is it acquired?
* *Campylobacter jejuni* * Ingestion of undercooked chicken, unpasteurized milk, or contaminated water
41
What diseases do *Salmonella enteritidis* and *Salmonella enterica* cause?
* *S. enteritidis*: nontyphoid fever * *S.* *enterica:* typhoid fever
42
What type of E. coli: * Cause traveler's diarrhea * Produce heat-labile and heat-stable toxins
Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)
43
What type of E. coli: * Associated with contaminated beef * Toxins cause dysentery-like disease
Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC)
44
What type of E. coli: * Resistant to acid * Proliferate intracellularly in M cells overlying Peyer patches * Similar to shigella
Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC)
45
What organism causes Typhoid fever? Where does it colonize?
* *Salmonella enterica* * Peyer patches in the ileum
46
What organism causes Pseudomembranous colitis?
*Clostridium difficile*
47
What is the effect of C. difficile toxin on cells? (3)
1. Binds to small GTPases (e.g Rho) 2. Disrupts epithelial cytoskeleton (tight junctions) 3. Induces cytokine release and apoptosis
48
What form of chronic ICD results in discontinuous ulcerations and involves the entire thickness of the intestinal wall?
Crohn's disease
49
Describe the initial clinical presentation of Crohn's disease?
* Mild diarrhea * Fever * Abdominal pain
50
What form of chronic ICD results in continuous ulceration limited to just the mucosa of the colon?
Ulcerative colitis

Mechanisms of Disease (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions