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Mechanisms of Disease > Gastrointestinal Pathology > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What is another name for Dental Caries?

A

Cavities

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2
Q

What bacterium is responsible for the formation of dental plaque?

A

Streptococcus mutans

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3
Q

What causes dental caries to form?

A

Oral bacteria convert sugar into acids, which destroy the enamel and dentin of teeth

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4
Q

What is gingivitis? Cause?

A
  • Inflammation of the oral mucosa immediately around the teeth
  • Caused by oral bacteria forming biofilm (plaque) beneath the gum line
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5
Q

What are the symptoms of gingivitis?

A
  1. Gingival erythema and edema
  2. Bleeding
  3. Changes in contour
  4. Loss of soft tissue around the teeth
  5. Periodontitis (eventual loss of teeth)
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6
Q

About how much saliva do you produce per day?

A

~ 1.2 liters

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7
Q

What are the components of saliva? (4)

A
  1. Proteins (enzymes)
  2. Glycoproteins (mucins and conjugated antibodies)
  3. Ions/water (bicarb for buffering)
  4. IgA
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8
Q

Xerostomia is another name for?

A

Dry mouth

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9
Q

What medication is used to stimulate salivary glands in patients with Xerostomia?

A

Pilocarpine

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10
Q

What are some complications of xerostomia? (4)

A
  1. Increased rates of dental caries
  2. Increased risk of candidiasis (oral thrush)
  3. Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)
  4. Dysarthria (difficulty speaking)
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11
Q

What is Atresia?

A
  • Lack or limitation of a space or lumen
  • Usually developmental
  • Results in mechanical obstruction of the space or tube
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12
Q

What is a Fistula?

A
  • Abnormal opening between tubes
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13
Q

What are esophageal varices?

A
  • Distension of veins around the esophagus
  • Rupture can result in fatal hemorrhage
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14
Q

What is reflux esophagitis? What is it known as clinically?

A
  • Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
  • Movement of stomach (or pancreatic) contents into the esophagus
  • Damages the esophageal mucosa
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15
Q

What nerve is responsible for controlling the lower esophageal sphincter (LES)?

A

Vagus nerve

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16
Q

What neurotransmitters can act on the LES?

A
  • Nitric oxide (NO)
  • Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)
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17
Q

What foods can contribute to GERD?

A

**Mint Mochaccino**

  • Peppermint
  • Coffee
  • Chocolate
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18
Q

What is a hiatal hernia?

A
  • Herniation of the stomach through the opening of the diaphragm for the esophagus
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19
Q

What is Barrett’s esophagus?

A
  • Metaplasia of the esophagus due to stomach acid damage
  • Esophageal epithelium changes from stratified squamous to columnar with goblet cells
  • Precancerous
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20
Q

What class of drugs are associated with gastric ulcers?

A
  • NSAIDs
  • Aspirin
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21
Q

What is duodenal reflux?

A
  • Duodenal contents re-enter the stomach through the pyloric sphincter; brings bile into the stomach
  • Food retention increases, gastric acid is produced
  • Can lead to gastric ulcers
22
Q

What are the functions of prostaglandins in the stomach? (3)

A
  1. Increase mucosal blood flow
  2. Promote bicarbonate and mucus secretion
  3. Stimulate mucosal repair and renewal
23
Q

Why can NSAIDs cause gastritis and ulcers?

A
  • Inhibits prostaglandin production
24
Q

What bacterium is known to cause gastric ulcers?

A

Helicobacter pylori

25
Q

What are the effects of an H. pylori infection? (3)

A
  1. Increased acid production through gastrin and somatostatin release
  2. Mucosal damage secondary to immune response
  3. Reduced bicarbonate secretion by inhibiting urease
26
Q

True or false. Ulcers can be related to stress?

A

True. Including trauma, surgery, or serious medical disease

27
Q

What is pernicious anemia?

A
  • Failure of DNA synthesis affecting hematopoiesis
  • Vitamin B12 deficiency, thymidine synthesis impaired
28
Q

True or false. Gastric ulcers are more common than duodenal ulcers?

A

False. Duodenal are more common; still a result of H. pylori

29
Q

What is a volvulus?

A
  • Intestinal obstruction
  • Caused by twisting of the bowl
30
Q

What is intussuception?

A
  • Segment of the intestines slides into the next segment
  • Usually happens during peristalsis
31
Q

How is intussusception treated? (2)

A
  • Contrast or air enemas
  • Surgery
32
Q

What are some common causes of malabsorption? (4)

A
  1. Celiac disease
  2. Pancreatitis
  3. Cystic fibrosis
  4. Inflammatory bowel disease
33
Q

The most common clinical symptom of malabsorption is _____

A

chronic diarrhea

34
Q

True or false. Celiac disease is autoimmune

A

False. It’s not autoimmune

35
Q

What about celiac disease causes malabsorption?

A
  • Damage from immune response to gluten
  • Loss of brush borders and villi
36
Q

What is another name for infectious enterocolitis?

A

Acute IBD

37
Q

How does cholera cause watery stool and diarrhea?

A
  • Vibrio cholera produce toxin
  • Increased chloride secretion, water follows, leads to watery stool and diarrhea
38
Q

What organism is responsible for causing cholera?

A

Vibrio cholera

39
Q

Explain the pathology of cholera

A
  • bacterium produce an A-B toxin
  • Increases chloride secretion, which in turn causes water excretion
40
Q

What organism is responsible for causing Traveler’s diarrhea? How is it acquired?

A
  • Campylobacter jejuni
  • Ingestion of undercooked chicken, unpasteurized milk, or contaminated water
41
Q

What diseases do Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella enterica cause?

A
  • S. enteritidis: nontyphoid fever
  • S. enterica: typhoid fever
42
Q

What type of E. coli:

  • Cause traveler’s diarrhea
  • Produce heat-labile and heat-stable toxins
A

Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)

43
Q

What type of E. coli:

  • Associated with contaminated beef
  • Toxins cause dysentery-like disease
A

Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC)

44
Q

What type of E. coli:

  • Resistant to acid
  • Proliferate intracellularly in M cells overlying Peyer patches
  • Similar to shigella
A

Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC)

45
Q

What organism causes Typhoid fever? Where does it colonize?

A
  • Salmonella enterica
  • Peyer patches in the ileum
46
Q

What organism causes Pseudomembranous colitis?

A

Clostridium difficile

47
Q

What is the effect of C. difficile toxin on cells? (3)

A
  1. Binds to small GTPases (e.g Rho)
  2. Disrupts epithelial cytoskeleton (tight junctions)
  3. Induces cytokine release and apoptosis
48
Q

What form of chronic ICD results in discontinuous ulcerations and involves the entire thickness of the intestinal wall?

A

Crohn’s disease

49
Q

Describe the initial clinical presentation of Crohn’s disease?

A
  • Mild diarrhea
  • Fever
  • Abdominal pain
50
Q

What form of chronic ICD results in continuous ulceration limited to just the mucosa of the colon?

A

Ulcerative colitis

Mechanisms of Disease (13 decks)

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