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Mechanisms of Disease > Mechanisms of Cell Death > Flashcards

Mechanisms of Cell Death Flashcards

1
Q

What causes DNA ladder formation?

A

Cleavage of DNA at histones, creating a regular pattern of cleavage

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2
Q

What is the “morphology” of a disease?

A

The appearance of cells/tissues/organs

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3
Q

Describe the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis.

A

Mitochondrial signals from within the cell induce release of pro-apoptotic proteins that activate caspases.

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4
Q

What are the hallmark characteristics of necrosis (histologically)?

A

Pyknosis (loss of nuclei)

Breakdown of membranes

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5
Q

True or false

The ER stress-induced apoptosis mechanism is fully understood.

A

False

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6
Q

What are the consequences of calcium toxicity within the cell?

A

ER calcium depletion induces UPR

ER calcium release may activate specific enzymes (Calpain & Calcineurin)

Excessive mitochondrial calcium (releases proapoptotic factors)

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7
Q

What type of tissue damage is depicted here?

A

Calcification

(basophilic deposits)

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8
Q

What is Anoikis?

A

Detachment-induced cell death

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9
Q

PIDD = ?

A

p53-induced death domain

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10
Q

Why is the detection of phosphatidylserine an indicator of apoptotic cell death?

A

It’s a phospholipid normally found on the intracellular side of the cell membrane. It gets externalized during apoptosis.

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11
Q

What are the four subfamiles of the death domain superfamily?

A

Death Domain (DD)

Death Effector Domain (DED)

Caspase Recruitment Domain (CARD) subfamily

Pyrin Domain (PYD)

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12
Q

What is necroptosis?

A

Regulated necrosis

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13
Q

How does p53 function?

A

Transcription factor for:

  1. Negative regulators of cell cycle progression
  2. Apoptosis promoting genes (Bax & Bak)
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14
Q

What type of intracellular accumulation is pictured here? What is it composed of and what tissue is it in?

A

Lipofuscin (oxidized proteins from cellular components of cells that cannot be broken down)

Cardiac muscle

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15
Q

What are the hallmark characteristics of stressed tissue (histologically)?

A

Blebbing

Eosinophilia

Swelling

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16
Q

What is the “pathogenesis” of a disease?

A

The biochemical and molecular mechanisms of disease development

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17
Q

Which caspases are initiator caspases?

A

2, 8, 9, 10

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18
Q

How does the ER participate in death signaling?

A

Release of ER calcium primes mitochondria to initiate the intrinsic pathway

19
Q

What type of necrosis is pictured here?

A

Coagulative

20
Q

What type of intracellular accumulation is pictured here? What tissue is it located in?

A

Fatty deposits

Liver

21
Q

What are some major morphological features of apoptosis? (4)

A

Cell rounding/condensation

Nuclear condensation/fragmentation

Membrane blebbing

Formation of apoptotic bodies

22
Q

Which caspases are executioner caspases?

A

3, 6, 7

23
Q

How is caseous necrosis described?

A

Fragmented cells and granular debris surrounded by inflammation

“Cheese-like” (crumbly)

24
Q

Which caspase is involved in ER stress-induced apoptosis?

A

Caspase 12

25
Q

What is the “manifestation” of a disease?

A

Functional consequences of morphological structures.

26
Q

Describe the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis

A

Death receptors on the plasma membrane are activated and transduce a signal through intracellular signaling pathways to activate caspases

27
Q

The “etiology” of a disease refers to its _____.

A

Cause

28
Q

What type of intracellular accumulation is pictured here?

A

Protein

29
Q

True or false. Apoptosis is energy-dependent

A

True

30
Q

What are some apoptotic initiators (8)?

A

Viral infections

Ionizing radiation

Chemical damage to cells

Cytokines (TNF & Fas)

Mitochondrial damage

Unfolded protein response

Calcium influx

Unresolved stress

31
Q

How do caspases function?

A

Cleave proteins after aspartic acid residues

32
Q

How is fibrinoid necrosis described?

A

Immune complexes and fibrin in walls of blood vessels

33
Q

What causes stress in the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Accumulation of misfolded proteins

34
Q

What is the consequence of overexpression of p53?

A

Promotes aging

35
Q

How is liquefactive necrosis described?

A

Digestion of cells resulting in viscous mass

36
Q

What is the function of p53?

A

Anti-oncogene

Critical in DNA damage and repair

37
Q

What is a consequence of decreased expression of p53?

A

Increased cancersusceptibility

38
Q

What happens if ER stress is not resolved?

A

ER-stress induced cell death

39
Q

How is coagulative necrosis described?

A

Loss of cell architecture but not tissue architecture

40
Q

What is homotypic binding?

A

Binding of death domains to similar death domains

Ex: DED binds with other DEDs

41
Q

What type of necrosis is pictured here?

A

Fibrinoid necrosis

42
Q

What is the unfolded protein response (UPR)?

A

A stress response that promotes the degradation of proteins and increased chaperone production to improve folding

43
Q

What are four instances of physiological cell death?

A

Embryogenesis

Tissues that produce new cells as their function

Loss of hormone-dependent tissues when hormone levels fall

Immune function

Mechanisms of Disease (13 decks)

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