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OB Final Exam > Reproductive System, Contraceptives, Breast Problems, & Structural Problems (Weeks 12 & 13) > Flashcards

Reproductive System, Contraceptives, Breast Problems, & Structural Problems (Weeks 12 & 13) Flashcards

1
Q

Amenorrhea

Chapter 6 - Reproductive System Concerns

A

Absence of menstration

  • excercise & weight factors (anorexia & obesity)

  • most commonly due to a pregnancy
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2
Q

Hypogonadotropic Amenorrhea

Chapter 6 - Reproductive System Concerns

A

Problem in the central hypothalamic-pituitary axis

*
*
Inability to produce FSH & LH

Hypothalamic suppression can be due to:

  • stress
  • weight loss or strenuous exercise
  • eating disorders
  • mental illness
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3
Q

Dysmenorrhea

Chapter 6 - Reproductive System Concerns

A

Painful menstruation

  • extended release of prostaglandins (primary dysmenorrhea)

Secondary dysmenorrhea: menstrual pain acquired later in life, usually after age 25

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4
Q

Cyclic Perimenstrual Pain and Discomfort (CPPD)

Chapter 6 - Reproductive System Concerns

A

symptoms that occur during the menstrual cycle

Symptoms can include:
* mood swings
* pelvic pain
* physical discomfort

can occur for 1-2 days or last up to 2 weeks

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5
Q

Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)

Chapter 6 - Reproductive System Concerns

A

Cluster of physical, psychological, & behavioral symptoms

  • cyclic symptoms occuring in luteal phase
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6
Q

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD)

Chapter 6 - Reproductive System Concerns

A

Severe variant of PMS

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7
Q

Endometriosis

Chapter 6 - Reproductive System Concerns

A

Presence & growth of endometrial tissue outside of the uterus

*
*

Symptoms:
* retrograde menstruation
* pelvic heaviness
* deep pelvic pain
* pain radiating to thighs
* pain with exercise
* painful intercourse
* dysmenorrhea

retrograde menstruation: period flows upward through the fallopian tubes & into the pelvis, instead of it flowing out of the vagina

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8
Q

Oligomenorrhea

Chapter 6 - Reproductive System Concerns

A

infrequent menstruation

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9
Q

Hypomenorrhea

Chapter 6 - Reproductive System Concerns

A

scant menstruation

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10
Q

Menorrhagia (hypermenorrhea)

Chapter 6 - Reproductive System Concerns

A

excessive menstrual bleeding

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11
Q

Metrorrhagia

Chapter 6 - Reproductive System Concerns

A

Abnormal bleeding that occurs between periods

* may occur every few weeks & flow may be heavier than usual

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12
Q

Abnormal Uterine Bleeding (AUB)

Chapter 6 - Reproductive System Concerns

A

any form of uterine bleeding that is irregular in amount, duration, or timing, & is not related to regular menstrual bleeding

* defined as menstrual blood loss of 80 mL or greater

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13
Q

Menopause

Chapter 6 - Reproductive System Concerns

A

Cessation of menses for (at least) 1 year

*
* average age = 42-58 years old

Physiological Characteristics:
* anovulation occurs more frequently
* menstrual cycles increase in length
* ovarian follicles become less sensitive to hormonal stimulation
* ovulation occurs with less frequency
* progesterone is not produced
* FSH values are elevated

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14
Q

Perimenopausal Peirod

Chapter 6 - Reproductive System Concerns

A

Time prior to menopause

Signs & Symptoms:
* bleeding
* hot flashes (vasomotor instability)
* mood / behavioral changes

Increased risk of: osteoporosis & CAD

Tx = menopausal hormonal therapy (MHT)

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15
Q

What is endometriosis characterized by?

Key Points - KNOW THIS!!!!!

Chapter 6 - Reproductive System Concerns

A
  • secondary amenorrhea
  • dyspareunia (painful intercourse before, during, or after sex)
  • abnormal uterine bleeding
  • infertility
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16
Q

Osteoporosis

Key Point

Chapter 6 - Reproductive System Concerns

A

progressive loss of bone mass due to decreasing levels of estrogen after menopause

  • can be prevented or minimized with lifestyle changes & medication
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17
Q

Why are postmenopausal women at increased risk for coronary artery disease (CAD)?

Key Points

Chapter 6 - Reproductive System Concerns

A

due to changes in lipid metabolism

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18
Q

A woman complains of severe abdominal and pelvic pain around the time of menstruation that has gotten worse over the last 5 years. She also complains of pain during intercourse & has tried unsuccessfully to get pregnant for the past 18 months. These symptoms are most likely related to which of the following?

a.) Endometriosis
b.) Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
c.) Primary dysmenorrhea
d.) Cyclic Perimenstrual Pain and Discomfort (CPPD)

Chapter 6 - Reproductive System Concerns

A

a.) Endometriosis

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19
Q

Contraception

Contraception Lecture

A

The intervention of pregnancy during sexual intercourse

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20
Q

BRAIDED mnemonic for Contraception

Contraception Lecture

A

Benefits
Risks
Alternatives
Inquires
Decisions
Explanations
Documentation

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21
Q

Coitus Interruptus

Contraception Lecture

A

Pull out method

  • 80% effective
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22
Q

Fertility Awareness Based Methods (FABs)

Contraception Lecture

A

Calendar based birth control

  • natrual family planning
  • Rely on avoidance of vaginal penetrative intercourse during a woman’s fertile periods
23
Q

Spermicide

Contraception Lecture

A

Agent that kills sperm

24
Q

Barrier Methods

Contraception Lecture

A

Contraceptive methods that block the meeting of egg & sperm by means of a physical barrier

  • Male condoms (external)
  • Female condoms (internal)
  • Diaphragm
  • Cervical caps
25
Q

Hormonal Methods

Contraception Lecture

A

estrogen-progesterone contraception (combined / CHCs)

  • protects against ovarian & endometrial cancer
  • Side Effects: stroke, MI, VTE, HTN
  • Types: rings, patches, etc.

2 Categories:
1.) Progestin-Only Contraceptives
2.) Combined Hormonal Contraceptives (CHCs)

26
Q

ACHES

Contraception Lecture

A

Side Effects of CHC Birth Control

Abdominal pain
Chest pain
Headaches
Eye problems
Severe leg pain

27
Q

Progestin-Only Contraceptives

Contraception Lecture

A

mini-pills
* avoid estrogen-related side effects

  • Also have injectables (most affective) & implantable devices
28
Q

Who cannot use Combined hormonal contraceptives (CHCs) / who are they “ruled out” for?

Contraception Lecture

A
  • smokers over age 35
  • hx of blood clots
  • migraine with aura
29
Q

Emergency Contraception (EC)

Contraception Lecture

A
  • Plan B
  • One Step
  • Copper IUD
  • Ella by prescription
30
Q

Intrauterine Devices (IUDs)

Contraception Lecture

A

Small, T-shaped plastic device inserted & left inside the uterus to prevent pregnancy for 5-10 years

*
*

Symptoms:
* pains, flu-like symptoms, period cessation

31
Q

Sterilization

Contraception Lecture

A

Tubal occlusion / reconstruction, vasectomy

32
Q

Lactational Amenorrhea Method (LAM)

Contraception Lecture

A

Breastfeeding 6 months postpartum

  • increases hormones from strictly breastfeeding
33
Q

What are the 4 categories of contraceptives?

Contraception Lecture

A

1.) “Lifestyle” Methods
* Coitus interruptus (pull-out method)
* Abstinence
* Lactational amenorrhea method (LAM)

2.) “Fertility Awareness” Methods
* Calendar-based methods
* Cervical mucus ovulation detection method
* Basal body temperature (BBT) method
* Symptothermal method (combines first 3)
* Biological marker method (home ovulation kits)
* Phone apps for fertility awareness methods

3.) Barriers & Spermicides
* Spermicides (Nonoxynol-9 / N-9)
* Male Condoms (“external”)
* Female Condoms (“internal”)
* Diaphragm
* Cervical caps

4.) Hormonal Methods
* Progestin-only contraceptives
* Combined Hormonal Contraceptives (CHCs)

5.) Intrauterine Devices (IUDs)
* Non-hormonal (copper IUD)
* Hormonal (progestin/progesterone IUD)

Combined Hormonal Contraceptives (CHCs) include:
* Pills
* Transdermal Contraceptive (“Patch”)
* Vaginal Ring

Progestin Only Contraceptives include:
* “mini-pill”
* Injectable – “Depo shot”
* Implantable – nexplanon

34
Q

How does a progestin (progesterone) containing contraceptive prevent pregnancy?

KNOW THIS!!!! (3 ways)

Contraception Lecture

A

1.) Thickens cervical walls
2.) Thins uterine lining
3.) Stops ovulation

35
Q

Induced abortion

Contraception Lecture

A

Purposeful interruption of pregnancy before 20 weeks gestation

Aspiration – 1st trimester
* methotrexate / misoprostol

Dilation & Evaccuation – 2nd trimester

  • Teaching: bleeding (heavy period), fever, foul smell, abdominal tenderness
36
Q

What are the different types of induced abortion during the 1st and 2nd trimester?

Contraception Lecture

A

1st Trimester = aspiration
* methotrexate / misoprostol

2nd Trimester = dilation & evaccuation (D&E)

Teachings:
* bleeding (heavy period)
* fever
* foul smell
* abdominal tenderness

37
Q

Micromastia

Chapter 10 - Breast Problems

A

Underdevelopment of breast tissue

38
Q

Macromastia

Chapter 10 - Breast Problems

A

Abnormally large breasts

  • also called hypermastia
  • surgical management can impact breast feeding
39
Q

Fibrotic Changes

Chapter 10 - Breast Problems

A

Benign fluid-filled cyst formation caused by ductal enlargement

40
Q

Fibroadenoma

Chapter 10 - Breast Problems

A

Benign breast mass

41
Q

Mammary Duct Ectasia

Chapter 10 - Breast Problems

A

Benign, but sometimes painful condition of dilated ducts with surrounding inflammation, sometimes associated with masses

42
Q

Breast Cancer

Chapter 10 - Breast Problems

A

Malignant tumor of the breast

  • 50% genetic
  • 3 subtypes
  • TMN grading
  • Tx: surgery, radiation, chemotherapy
43
Q

TNM Grading System

KNOW THIS!!!!!!

Chapter 10 - Breast Problems

A
  • T – tumor spread
  • N – node involvement
  • M – presence of distant metastasis
44
Q

Cystocele

Chapter 11 - Reproductive System Structural Disorders & Neoplasms

A

Protrusion of the bladder** downward into the vagina**

45
Q

Rectoele

Chapter 11 - Reproductive System Structural Disorders & Neoplasms

A

Herniation of the anterior rectal wall

  • budlge in the vagina
46
Q

Uterine Displacement

Chapter 11 - Reproductive System Structural Disorders & Neoplasms

A

Variation in normal uterine placement

47
Q

What are the 2 types of uterine displacement?

Chapter 11 - Reproductive System Structural Disorders & Neoplasms

A
  • Retroversion = posterior placement of the uterus
  • Retroflexion = anterior placement of the uterus
48
Q

Ovarian Cysts

Chapter 11 - Reproductive System Structural Disorders & Neoplasms

A

Develop due to hormonal influences associated wtih menstrual cycle

49
Q

Uterine Polyps

Chapter 11 - Reproductive System Structural Disorders & Neoplasms

A

Overgrowth of uterine tissue into the endometrial cavity

  • endometrial or cervical in origin
  • tumors on pedicles (stalks) arising from the mucosa
  • common in multiparous women & 40+ years
50
Q

Leiomyomas

Chapter 11 - Reproductive System Structural Disorders & Neoplasms

A

Benign tumors of the uterus; slow-growing & shrink after menopause

  • fibroids
  • Tx: medications, uterine artery embolization (UAE), surgery
51
Q

Bartholin Cysts

Chapter 11 - Reproductive System Structural Disorders & Neoplasms

A

Benign cysts lesions of the vulva; caused by obstruction

52
Q

Endometrial Cancer

Chapter 11 - Reproductive System Structural Disorders & Neoplasms

A
  • most common malignancy of reproductive system
  • slow growing
  • hormone imbalance = significant risk factor

CARDINAL SIGN = abnormal uterine bleeding;

  • late signs: mucosanguineous vaginal discharge, low back pain, & low pelvic pain
53
Q

Ovarian Cancer

Chapter 11 - Reproductive System Structural Disorders & Neoplasms

A
  • 2nd most common type of reproductive cancer
  • common in north american, european, & older women (60+)
  • Risk Factors: nulliparity (no kids), infertility, previous breast cancer, family hx of breast or ovarian cancer

Vague Symptoms
* abdominal bloating
* increased abdominal girth
* pelvic & abdominal pain
* feeling full quickly
* urinary urgency or frequency

Tx: surgery, chemotherapy, radiation

54
Q

Cervical Cancer

Chapter 11 - Reproductive System Structural Disorders & Neoplasms

A
  • 3rd most common type of reproductive cancer
  • 90% caused by HPV
  • Most have gradual onset; metastasis common to the pelvis, lungs, & brain
  • Invasive Carcinoma Sx = postcoital bleeding (bleeding after sex)

Signs & Symptoms
* abnormal bleeding (postcoital bleeding = bleeding after sex)
* rectal bleeding
* hematuria
* back pain
* leg pain
* anemia

Tx: surgery, radiation, chemotherapy

OB Final Exam (8 decks)

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