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Anatomy > Reproductive System and Blood > Flashcards

Reproductive System and Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What is the female homolog to the testis

A

ovaries

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2
Q

What is the male homolog to the clitoris

A

glans of penis

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3
Q

What is the female homolog to the body of the penis

A

labia minora

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4
Q

What is the male homolog to the labia majora

A

scrotum

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5
Q

which female accessory structure anchors the ovary to the uterus?

A

ovarian ligament

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6
Q

which female accessory structure is the drape of peritoneum hanging over the uterus?

A

broad ligament (holds everything in place)

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7
Q

what female accessory structure houses the ovarian blood vessels and nerves

A

suspensory ligaments

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8
Q

What type of tissue is the germinal epithelium of the ovary?

A

simple cuboidal epithelial layer surrounding ovary

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9
Q

What is the tunica albuginea?

A

dense CT capsule deep to germinal epithelium

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10
Q

What are the two layers of the ovary?

A

outer cortex and inner medulla

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11
Q

what layer of the ovaries contains follicles

A

cortex

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12
Q

what is the vascular layer of the ovary that also contains lymph vessels and nerves?

A

medulla

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13
Q

What is the most primitive type of follicle?

A

primordial follicle

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14
Q

how many layers of follicular cells surround a primordial follicle?

A

1 layer of flattened cells

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15
Q

What is the fluid filled space found in secondary and vesicular follicles?

A

antrum

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16
Q

What are the protective structures surrounding the primary oocyte

A

zona pellucida and corona radiata

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17
Q

What is the most mature follicle called?

A

vesicular follicle

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18
Q

at what meiotic phase is the oocyte within a vesicular follicle?

A

arrested in second meiotic metaphase

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19
Q

What happens to the follicle after it expels its oocyte?

A

a corpus luteum forms

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20
Q

what hormones does the corpus luteum secrete?

A

progesterone and estrogen

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21
Q

If fertilization does not occur, what happens to the corpus luteum?

A

it regresses into a corpus albicans which is mostly reabsorbed by ovary

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22
Q

What are the three phases of the ovarian cycle?

A

follicular, ovulation, luteal

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23
Q

describe what occurs in the follicular phase

A
  • day 1-13
  • Lh and FSH stimulate about 20 primordial follicles to mature
  • follicular cells secrete inhibin to inhibit FSH production
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24
Q

What occurs during ovulation?

A

release of secondary oocyte from mature follicle (occurs on day 14)

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25
Q

what hormone spikes to induce ovulation?

A

LH

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26
Q

What occurs during the luteal phase?

A

remaining follicle cells become corpus luteum (day 15-28)

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27
Q

What is the function of the corpus luteum?

A

secretes progesterone and estrogen and builds up uterine lining to prepare for fertilized oocyte

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28
Q

What happens during corpus luteum regression?

A

causes drop in progesterone and estrogen and shedding of uterine lining

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29
Q

what is the normal onset for menopause in females?

A

45-55

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30
Q

Describe the process of Oogenesis

A
  1. hypothalamus secretes GnRH
  2. ant. pituitary secretes LH & FSH which stimulates follicular development
  3. follicles secrete inhibin and estrogen
  4. mature follicle releases large amount of estrogen
  5. LH is released, causing ovulation
  6. corpus luteum forms and secretes hormones
  7. cycle repeats
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31
Q

What happens if the secondary oocyte is fertilized?

A

starts secreting hCG, corpus luteum continues to produce E&P to build up uterine lining

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32
Q

What is the main function of the uterine tubes?

A

transport ovulated oocyte to uterus

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33
Q

what are the structures of the uterine tube

A

infundibulum: funnel shaped end with fimbriae

ampulla: expanded region where fertilization occurs

isthmus: proximal end that penetrates uterus

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34
Q

what are the layers of the uterine tube wall?

A

mucosa, musclaris, and serosa

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35
Q

what are the three tunics of the uterine wall?

A

perimetrium, myometrum, endometrium

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36
Q

which layer of the uterine wall is continuous with the broad ligament?

A

perimetrium

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37
Q

how many layers make up the myometrium

A

3 layers of smooth muscle

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38
Q

what are the two layers of the endometrium and their functions?

A

Basal Layer: deep permanent layer that undergoes few changes

Functional Layer: superficial layer that grows from basal layer after puberty

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39
Q

What are the three stages of the uterine cycle?

A

menstrual phase, proliferative phase, and secretory phase

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40
Q

What occurs during the menstrual phase of the uterine cycle?

A

the functional layer of the endometrium is shed

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41
Q

what happens during the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle?

A

The functional layers starts rebuilding

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42
Q

what happens during the secretory phase of the uterine cyce?

A

progesterone stimulates uterine lining growth

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43
Q

where are sustentacular cells found?

A

seminiferous tubules

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44
Q

what are the functions of sustentacular cells?

A
  • nourish developing sperm
  • release inhibin when sperm count high
  • inhibits FSH and regulates sperm production
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45
Q

What is the blood testis barrier?

A

protect developing sperm from material in blood such as leaukocytes, formed from tight junctions between sustenacular cells

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46
Q

Where are interstitial cells found

A

in interstitial spaces (spaces surrounding seminiferous tubules)

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47
Q

what is the pathway of sperm?

A
  1. seminiferous tubule
  2. epididymis
  3. ductus deferens
  4. seminal vesicle
  5. ejaculatory duct
    6.prostate gland
  6. bulbourethral gland
  7. urethra
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48
Q

What is the function of interstitial cells

A

stimulated by LH to produce testosterone

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49
Q

What is a major function of FSH in males?

A

stimulates sustentacular cells to secrete androgen binding protein which ensure high testosterone levels

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50
Q

What are the effects of increased testosterone?

A
  • facilitates spermatogenesis
  • inhibits GnRH
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51
Q

where does spermatogenesis occur?

A

within seminiferous tubules

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52
Q

what is the primordial germ cell from which all sperm develop?

A

spermatogonia

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53
Q

At what stage do spermatids mature to become spermatozoa?

A

spermiogenesis

54
Q

what is the function of the acrosome cap?

A

contains digestive enzymes to help sperm penetrate egg

55
Q

what portion of sperm contains the mitochondria?

A

the midpiece

56
Q

what is the function of the seminal vesicles?

A

secretes alkaline fluid with fructose and prostaglandins

57
Q

What is the function of the prostate gland?

A

secretes milky fluid rich in citric acid, seminalplasmin, and prostate specific antigen

58
Q

What is the function of the bulbourethral glands

A

produce clear viscous mucin that forms mucus to coat and lubricate urethra during ejaculation

59
Q

What are the three phases of a sexual response?

A

excitement, orgasm, and resolution

60
Q

how long after ovulation is the oocyte viable to be fertilized?

A

12-24 hours

61
Q

How long after ejaculation are sperm viable to fertilize an oocyte?

A

24-48 hours

62
Q

when must sexual intercourse occur for fertilization to happen

A

no more than 2 days before ovulation and no later than 24 hours after

63
Q

what is a zygote?

A

the first cell of a new individual which forms as a result of fertilization

64
Q

what occurs during cleavage?

A

rapid series of mitotic divisions that begins with the zygote and ends with the blastocyst

65
Q

how long after fertilization does the zygote begin to divide?

A

24 hours after

66
Q

what are the stages of fetal development?

A

embryo: fertilization to week 8
Morula: 16 cell stage
blastocyst: hollow ball like structure containing ~100 cells
Fetus: week 9 to birth

67
Q

At what stage is hCG secreted?

A

blastocyst

68
Q

what is the function of the blastocyst?

A

induces the corpus luteum to continue producing hormones

69
Q

what are the two functional areas of the blastocyst?

A

trophoblast: large fluid filled sphere
inner cell mass: cluster of cells to one side

70
Q

What are the primary germ layers that eventually form in the blastocyst?

A

ectoderm: outside layer
mesoderm: middle layer
endoderm: inside layer
(all totipotent)

71
Q

What are the derivatives of the ectoderm?

A

nervous system and epidermis of the skin

72
Q

What are the derivatives of the endoderm?

A

mucosae and glands

73
Q

What are the derivatives of the mesoderm

A

everything not formed from the endo & ectoderm

74
Q

what is the amnion?

A

fluid filled sac that surrounds the embryo

75
Q

what are the functions of the placenta?

A
  • forms a barrier between mother and embryo
  • delivers nutrients and oxygen
  • takes over corpus luteum after end of second month by producing E&P
76
Q

What are some anatomical changes that occur in pregnant mothers?

A
  • enlargement of the uterus
  • accentuated lumbar curvature
  • relaxation of the pelvic ligaments
77
Q

What are some gastroinestinal changes that occur in pregnant mothers?

A
  • morning sickness due to elevated hormones
  • heartburn due to organ crowding
  • constipation due to declining motility of GI tract
78
Q

What are some urinary system changes that occur in pregnant mothers?

A
  • kindeys produce more urine due to fetus
  • uterus compressing bladder causes incontinence
79
Q

What are some respiratory changes that occur in pregnant mothers?

A
  • nasal mucosa becomes congested
  • increased vital capacity and RR
  • dyspnea occurs during late stages of pregnancy
80
Q

What are some cardiovascular changes that occur in pregnant mothers?

A
  • blood volume increases by 25-40%
  • blood pressure and pulse increase
81
Q

what initiates labor?

A

pressure on cervix

82
Q

What occurs in the dilation stage of labor?

A
  • cervix becomes fully dilated (10 cm)
  • uterine contractions begin and increase
  • longest stage (6-12 hours)
83
Q

what occurs in the expulsion stage of labor?

A
  • infant passes through cervix into vagina
84
Q

what occurs during the placental stage of labor?

A

delivery of placenta and fetal membranes about 15 minutes after birth

85
Q

what do the formed elements of blood consist of?

A
  • erythrocytes (RBCs)
  • leukocytes (WBCs)
  • Platelets
86
Q

what are the three main functions of blood?

A

transportation, protection, regulation of body conditions

87
Q

How does blood regulate body temperature?

A

vasodilation/vasoconstriction

88
Q

How does blood regulate body pH?

A

blood absorbs acids and bases from body cells and contains chemical buffers

89
Q

How does blood regulate fluid balance?

A
  • water is added to blood from GI tract and lost through urine, skin, and respiration
90
Q

how does degree of oxygenation change the color of blood?

A

oxygen rich blood - bright red
oxygen poor blood - dark red

91
Q

how much blood is found in adults

A

4-5 L in females
5-6 L in males

92
Q

true or false, water is more viscous than blood

A

false, blood is 4-5 times thicker than water (biggest contributor is # of RBCs)

93
Q

What is the temperature of blood?

A

1°C higher than body temperature (~100.4°F)

94
Q

what is the pH of blood

A

7.35-7.45

95
Q

why do males have a higher percentage of RBCs?

A

testosterone causes more erythropoietin secretion by kidney

96
Q

what is plasma composed of?

A
  • water (92%)
  • plasma proteins (7%)
  • dissolved molecules and ions (1%)
97
Q

How do plasma proteins help maintain blood volume and pressure?

A

exert colloid osmotic pressure which prevents loss of fluid from blood as it moves through capillaries

98
Q

What are the most abundant group of plasma proteins?

A

albumins (57%)
- smallest
- act as transport proteins

99
Q

what is the second most abundant plasma protein?

A

globulins (37%)
- consist of smaller alpha globulins and larger beta globulins as well as immunoglobulins

100
Q

What component of blood classifies it as a type of connective tissue?

A

fibrinogen (4% of plasma proteins)
- fibers that contribute to blood clot formation

101
Q

Where does hematopoiesis occur?

A

red bone marrow of certain bones

102
Q

what is a blood stem cell called?

A

hemocytoblasts

103
Q

what are the two different lines produced by hemocytoblasts?

A

Myeloid Line: forms erythrocytes and all leukocytes except lymphocytes and megakaryocytes

Lymphoid Line: forms only lymphocytes

104
Q

What stimulates the production of platelets?

A

thrombopoietin

105
Q

what is the function of erythropoietin?

A

hormone secreted by kidneys that increases rate of production and maturation of erythocytes

106
Q

what is required for erythropoiesis to occur?

A

iron, B vitamins, amino acids

107
Q

Describe the process of erythropoiesis

A

Begins with myeloid stem cells and starts by forming large nucleated cells and gets smaller and has many organelles removed

108
Q

How is the structure of red blood cells adapted to their function

A
  • small and flexible
  • biconcave discs
  • lack nucleus and mitochondria
109
Q

What is the function of hemoglobin?

A

transports oxygen and carbon dioxide

110
Q

What stimulates erythropoietin secretion?

A

a decrease in blood oxygen

111
Q

What is the life span of a RBC

A

120 days

112
Q

what are some causes of anemia?

A
  • decreased/abnormal erythrocyte formation
  • heavy blood loss
  • deficiency of iron, vitamin B12, or folic acid
  • genetic defects
113
Q

What is the function of leukocytes?

A

to defend against pathogens

114
Q

what is diapedesis?

A

squeezing blood through blood vessel wall

115
Q

what is chemotaxis?

A

attraction to an area by presence of molecules released by damaged, dead or infected cells or by pathogen

116
Q

What leukocytes are classifies as granulocytes?

A

neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils

117
Q

What leukocytes are classifies as agranulocytes?

A

lymphocytes and monocytes

118
Q

what is leukopenia?

A

reduced number of leukocytes

119
Q

what is leukocytosis?

A

elevated leukocyte count

120
Q

What is hemostasis?

A

the stoppage of bleeding

121
Q

what are the three phases of hemostasis

A
  • vascular spasm
  • platelet plug formation
  • coagulation phase
122
Q

what occurs during the vascular spasm phase of hemostasis?

A
  • blood vessel constricts to limit blood leakage
  • can last few to many minutes
  • greater vasoconstriction with greater vessel damage
123
Q

what occurs during the platelet plug formation phase of hemostasis?

A
  • collagen fibers in vessel wall become exposed and platelets stick to collagen
  • many platelets aggregate and close off injury
124
Q

what prevents platlets plugs from getting too large?

A

prostacyclin

125
Q

what occurs during the coagulation phase of hemostasis?

A
  • network of fibrin forms a mesh covering
  • mesh traps all types of blood cells to form clot
126
Q

what is required for clotting?

A

calcium, clotting factors, platelets, and vitamin K

127
Q

What triggers an intrinsic pathway?

A

triggered by negatively charged surfaces (activated platelets, collagen, glass)
- uses factors present within blood

128
Q

what triggers an extrinsic pathway?

A

triggered by exposure to tissue factor
- bypasses several steps of intrinsic pathway which makes it faster

129
Q

what are the most common types of hemophilia

A

hemophilia A and hemophilia B

130
Q

what is the sympathetic response to blood loss?

A
  • sympathetic system increases vasoconstriction, heart rate, and force of contraction
  • blood redistributed to heart and brain

Anatomy (10 decks)

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