Reproductive System and Blood Flashcards
What is the female homolog to the testis
ovaries
What is the male homolog to the clitoris
glans of penis
What is the female homolog to the body of the penis
labia minora
What is the male homolog to the labia majora
scrotum
which female accessory structure anchors the ovary to the uterus?
ovarian ligament
which female accessory structure is the drape of peritoneum hanging over the uterus?
broad ligament (holds everything in place)
what female accessory structure houses the ovarian blood vessels and nerves
suspensory ligaments
What type of tissue is the germinal epithelium of the ovary?
simple cuboidal epithelial layer surrounding ovary
What is the tunica albuginea?
dense CT capsule deep to germinal epithelium
What are the two layers of the ovary?
outer cortex and inner medulla
what layer of the ovaries contains follicles
cortex
what is the vascular layer of the ovary that also contains lymph vessels and nerves?
medulla
What is the most primitive type of follicle?
primordial follicle
how many layers of follicular cells surround a primordial follicle?
1 layer of flattened cells
What is the fluid filled space found in secondary and vesicular follicles?
antrum
What are the protective structures surrounding the primary oocyte
zona pellucida and corona radiata
What is the most mature follicle called?
vesicular follicle
at what meiotic phase is the oocyte within a vesicular follicle?
arrested in second meiotic metaphase
What happens to the follicle after it expels its oocyte?
a corpus luteum forms
what hormones does the corpus luteum secrete?
progesterone and estrogen
If fertilization does not occur, what happens to the corpus luteum?
it regresses into a corpus albicans which is mostly reabsorbed by ovary
What are the three phases of the ovarian cycle?
follicular, ovulation, luteal
describe what occurs in the follicular phase
- day 1-13
- Lh and FSH stimulate about 20 primordial follicles to mature
- follicular cells secrete inhibin to inhibit FSH production
What occurs during ovulation?
release of secondary oocyte from mature follicle (occurs on day 14)
what hormone spikes to induce ovulation?
LH
What occurs during the luteal phase?
remaining follicle cells become corpus luteum (day 15-28)
What is the function of the corpus luteum?
secretes progesterone and estrogen and builds up uterine lining to prepare for fertilized oocyte
What happens during corpus luteum regression?
causes drop in progesterone and estrogen and shedding of uterine lining
what is the normal onset for menopause in females?
45-55
Describe the process of Oogenesis
- hypothalamus secretes GnRH
- ant. pituitary secretes LH & FSH which stimulates follicular development
- follicles secrete inhibin and estrogen
- mature follicle releases large amount of estrogen
- LH is released, causing ovulation
- corpus luteum forms and secretes hormones
- cycle repeats
What happens if the secondary oocyte is fertilized?
starts secreting hCG, corpus luteum continues to produce E&P to build up uterine lining
What is the main function of the uterine tubes?
transport ovulated oocyte to uterus
what are the structures of the uterine tube
infundibulum: funnel shaped end with fimbriae
ampulla: expanded region where fertilization occurs
isthmus: proximal end that penetrates uterus
what are the layers of the uterine tube wall?
mucosa, musclaris, and serosa
what are the three tunics of the uterine wall?
perimetrium, myometrum, endometrium
which layer of the uterine wall is continuous with the broad ligament?
perimetrium
how many layers make up the myometrium
3 layers of smooth muscle
what are the two layers of the endometrium and their functions?
Basal Layer: deep permanent layer that undergoes few changes
Functional Layer: superficial layer that grows from basal layer after puberty
What are the three stages of the uterine cycle?
menstrual phase, proliferative phase, and secretory phase
What occurs during the menstrual phase of the uterine cycle?
the functional layer of the endometrium is shed
what happens during the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle?
The functional layers starts rebuilding
what happens during the secretory phase of the uterine cyce?
progesterone stimulates uterine lining growth
where are sustentacular cells found?
seminiferous tubules
what are the functions of sustentacular cells?
- nourish developing sperm
- release inhibin when sperm count high
- inhibits FSH and regulates sperm production
What is the blood testis barrier?
protect developing sperm from material in blood such as leaukocytes, formed from tight junctions between sustenacular cells
Where are interstitial cells found
in interstitial spaces (spaces surrounding seminiferous tubules)
what is the pathway of sperm?
- seminiferous tubule
- epididymis
- ductus deferens
- seminal vesicle
- ejaculatory duct
6.prostate gland - bulbourethral gland
- urethra
What is the function of interstitial cells
stimulated by LH to produce testosterone
What is a major function of FSH in males?
stimulates sustentacular cells to secrete androgen binding protein which ensure high testosterone levels
What are the effects of increased testosterone?
- facilitates spermatogenesis
- inhibits GnRH
where does spermatogenesis occur?
within seminiferous tubules
what is the primordial germ cell from which all sperm develop?
spermatogonia
At what stage do spermatids mature to become spermatozoa?
spermiogenesis
what is the function of the acrosome cap?
contains digestive enzymes to help sperm penetrate egg
what portion of sperm contains the mitochondria?
the midpiece
what is the function of the seminal vesicles?
secretes alkaline fluid with fructose and prostaglandins
What is the function of the prostate gland?
secretes milky fluid rich in citric acid, seminalplasmin, and prostate specific antigen
What is the function of the bulbourethral glands
produce clear viscous mucin that forms mucus to coat and lubricate urethra during ejaculation
What are the three phases of a sexual response?
excitement, orgasm, and resolution
how long after ovulation is the oocyte viable to be fertilized?
12-24 hours
How long after ejaculation are sperm viable to fertilize an oocyte?
24-48 hours
when must sexual intercourse occur for fertilization to happen
no more than 2 days before ovulation and no later than 24 hours after
what is a zygote?
the first cell of a new individual which forms as a result of fertilization
what occurs during cleavage?
rapid series of mitotic divisions that begins with the zygote and ends with the blastocyst
how long after fertilization does the zygote begin to divide?
24 hours after
what are the stages of fetal development?
embryo: fertilization to week 8
Morula: 16 cell stage
blastocyst: hollow ball like structure containing ~100 cells
Fetus: week 9 to birth
At what stage is hCG secreted?
blastocyst
what is the function of the blastocyst?
induces the corpus luteum to continue producing hormones
what are the two functional areas of the blastocyst?
trophoblast: large fluid filled sphere
inner cell mass: cluster of cells to one side
What are the primary germ layers that eventually form in the blastocyst?
ectoderm: outside layer
mesoderm: middle layer
endoderm: inside layer
(all totipotent)
What are the derivatives of the ectoderm?
nervous system and epidermis of the skin
What are the derivatives of the endoderm?
mucosae and glands
What are the derivatives of the mesoderm
everything not formed from the endo & ectoderm
what is the amnion?
fluid filled sac that surrounds the embryo
what are the functions of the placenta?
- forms a barrier between mother and embryo
- delivers nutrients and oxygen
- takes over corpus luteum after end of second month by producing E&P
What are some anatomical changes that occur in pregnant mothers?
- enlargement of the uterus
- accentuated lumbar curvature
- relaxation of the pelvic ligaments
What are some gastroinestinal changes that occur in pregnant mothers?
- morning sickness due to elevated hormones
- heartburn due to organ crowding
- constipation due to declining motility of GI tract
What are some urinary system changes that occur in pregnant mothers?
- kindeys produce more urine due to fetus
- uterus compressing bladder causes incontinence
What are some respiratory changes that occur in pregnant mothers?
- nasal mucosa becomes congested
- increased vital capacity and RR
- dyspnea occurs during late stages of pregnancy
What are some cardiovascular changes that occur in pregnant mothers?
- blood volume increases by 25-40%
- blood pressure and pulse increase
what initiates labor?
pressure on cervix
What occurs in the dilation stage of labor?
- cervix becomes fully dilated (10 cm)
- uterine contractions begin and increase
- longest stage (6-12 hours)
what occurs in the expulsion stage of labor?
- infant passes through cervix into vagina
what occurs during the placental stage of labor?
delivery of placenta and fetal membranes about 15 minutes after birth
what do the formed elements of blood consist of?
- erythrocytes (RBCs)
- leukocytes (WBCs)
- Platelets
what are the three main functions of blood?
transportation, protection, regulation of body conditions
How does blood regulate body temperature?
vasodilation/vasoconstriction
How does blood regulate body pH?
blood absorbs acids and bases from body cells and contains chemical buffers
How does blood regulate fluid balance?
- water is added to blood from GI tract and lost through urine, skin, and respiration
how does degree of oxygenation change the color of blood?
oxygen rich blood - bright red
oxygen poor blood - dark red
how much blood is found in adults
4-5 L in females
5-6 L in males
true or false, water is more viscous than blood
false, blood is 4-5 times thicker than water (biggest contributor is # of RBCs)
What is the temperature of blood?
1°C higher than body temperature (~100.4°F)
what is the pH of blood
7.35-7.45
why do males have a higher percentage of RBCs?
testosterone causes more erythropoietin secretion by kidney
what is plasma composed of?
- water (92%)
- plasma proteins (7%)
- dissolved molecules and ions (1%)
How do plasma proteins help maintain blood volume and pressure?
exert colloid osmotic pressure which prevents loss of fluid from blood as it moves through capillaries
What are the most abundant group of plasma proteins?
albumins (57%)
- smallest
- act as transport proteins
what is the second most abundant plasma protein?
globulins (37%)
- consist of smaller alpha globulins and larger beta globulins as well as immunoglobulins
What component of blood classifies it as a type of connective tissue?
fibrinogen (4% of plasma proteins)
- fibers that contribute to blood clot formation
Where does hematopoiesis occur?
red bone marrow of certain bones
what is a blood stem cell called?
hemocytoblasts
what are the two different lines produced by hemocytoblasts?
Myeloid Line: forms erythrocytes and all leukocytes except lymphocytes and megakaryocytes
Lymphoid Line: forms only lymphocytes
What stimulates the production of platelets?
thrombopoietin
what is the function of erythropoietin?
hormone secreted by kidneys that increases rate of production and maturation of erythocytes
what is required for erythropoiesis to occur?
iron, B vitamins, amino acids
Describe the process of erythropoiesis
Begins with myeloid stem cells and starts by forming large nucleated cells and gets smaller and has many organelles removed
How is the structure of red blood cells adapted to their function
- small and flexible
- biconcave discs
- lack nucleus and mitochondria
What is the function of hemoglobin?
transports oxygen and carbon dioxide
What stimulates erythropoietin secretion?
a decrease in blood oxygen
What is the life span of a RBC
120 days
what are some causes of anemia?
- decreased/abnormal erythrocyte formation
- heavy blood loss
- deficiency of iron, vitamin B12, or folic acid
- genetic defects
What is the function of leukocytes?
to defend against pathogens
what is diapedesis?
squeezing blood through blood vessel wall
what is chemotaxis?
attraction to an area by presence of molecules released by damaged, dead or infected cells or by pathogen
What leukocytes are classifies as granulocytes?
neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils
What leukocytes are classifies as agranulocytes?
lymphocytes and monocytes
what is leukopenia?
reduced number of leukocytes
what is leukocytosis?
elevated leukocyte count
What is hemostasis?
the stoppage of bleeding
what are the three phases of hemostasis
- vascular spasm
- platelet plug formation
- coagulation phase
what occurs during the vascular spasm phase of hemostasis?
- blood vessel constricts to limit blood leakage
- can last few to many minutes
- greater vasoconstriction with greater vessel damage
what occurs during the platelet plug formation phase of hemostasis?
- collagen fibers in vessel wall become exposed and platelets stick to collagen
- many platelets aggregate and close off injury
what prevents platlets plugs from getting too large?
prostacyclin
what occurs during the coagulation phase of hemostasis?
- network of fibrin forms a mesh covering
- mesh traps all types of blood cells to form clot
what is required for clotting?
calcium, clotting factors, platelets, and vitamin K
What triggers an intrinsic pathway?
triggered by negatively charged surfaces (activated platelets, collagen, glass)
- uses factors present within blood
what triggers an extrinsic pathway?
triggered by exposure to tissue factor
- bypasses several steps of intrinsic pathway which makes it faster
what are the most common types of hemophilia
hemophilia A and hemophilia B
what is the sympathetic response to blood loss?
- sympathetic system increases vasoconstriction, heart rate, and force of contraction
- blood redistributed to heart and brain
