Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Olfactory Nerve (give #, function, and type)

A

I, smell, sensory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

optic nerve (give #, function, and type)

A

II, vision, sensory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Oculomotor nerve (give #, function, and type)

A
  • III
  • moves eyeball/eyelid, adjusts lens for near vision, constricts pupil
  • motor
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Trochlear nerve (give #, function, and type)

A

IV, moves the eyeballs, motor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Trigeminal nerve (give #, function, and type)

A
  • V
  • largest cranial nerve, splits into 3 divisions. Control facials muscles involved in chewing and convey sensations of touch, pain, and temperature from front of head and mouth
  • mixed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

abducens nerve (give #, function, and type)

A
  • VI
  • moves the eyeballs outwards
  • motor
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

facial nerve (give #, function, and type)

A
  • VII
  • sensory fibers detect taste, motor fibers control tear and saliva secretions and facial expressions
  • mixed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Vestibulocochlear nerve (give #, function, and type)

A
  • VIII
  • branches into vestibular nerve (balance) and cochlear nerve (hearing)
  • sensory
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

glossopharyngeal nerve (give #, function, and type)

A
  • IX
  • monitors bp, pulse ox, senses taste, touch, and pain from posterior 1/3 of tongue and soft palate
  • mixed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Vagus nerve (give #, function, and type)

A
  • X
  • Motor:
  • Under conscious control
    Stimulates voluntary muscles that effect swallowing,
    coughing and speech.
  • Under unconscious control
    o Stimulates the contraction and relaxation of smooth
    muscle in GI tract
    o Can trigger reduction (slowing) of heart-rate
    o Stimulates secretion of digestive fluids
    Sensory:
  • Monitors blood pressure
  • Monitors levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in blood
  • Sensations of touch, pain and temperature from throat area
  • Sensations from visceral organs in thorax and abdomen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

accessory nerve (give #, function, and type)

A
  • XI
  • controls swallowing movements and movement of head and shoulders
  • motor
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

hypoglossal nerve (give #, function, and type)

A
  • XII
  • involved in speech and swallowing
  • motor
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the four regions of the brain?

A
  • cerebrum
  • diencephalon
  • brainstem
  • cerabellum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the difference between gyri and sulci?

A

gyri are the ridges of the outer surface of the brain while sulci are the depressions between ridges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is gray matter made of?

A

neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the gray matter surface of the cerebrum called?

A

cerebral cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are cerebral nuclei?

A

regions of gray matter found deep in the cerebrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what does white matter consist of?

A

myelinated axons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are cranial meninges?

A

three connective tissue layers that separate and support soft tissue of brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what are some major functions of cranial meninges?

A
  • enclose and protect blood vessels supplying the brain
  • help contain and circulate cerebrospinal fluid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

List the cranial meninges from deep to superficial

A
  • pia mater
  • arachnoid matter
  • dura mater
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is pia mater?

A

innermost of the meninges that adheres to brain surface and is composed of a thin layer of areolar CT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is arachnoid mater?

A

made of a web of collagen and elastic fibers
- arachnoid trabeculae extend to pia matter through subarachnoid space
- subarachnoid space contain cerebrospinal fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is dura mater?

A
  • tough outer membrane
  • made of 2 layers of dense irregular CT
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what are the function of dural venous sinuses?

A

separated sections of dura that drain blood from brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the two layers of the dura mater?

A
  • meningeal layer (deeper layer of dura)
  • periosteal layer (more superficial layer of dura)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are cranial dural septa?

A
  • sheets of dura mater the extend into cranial cavity
  • form partitions between brain areas and provide support
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are brain ventricles?

A

cavities within brain lined with ependymal cells and contain CSF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

where are the two lateral ventricles?

A

large cavities in cerebrum separated by medial partition called septum pellucidum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Where is the third ventricle?

A

narrow space in middle of diencephalon connected to each lateral ventricle by an interventricular foramen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Where is the fourth ventircle?

A

sickle shaped space between pons and cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is cerebrospinal fluid

A
  • clear, colorless liquid surrounding CNS
  • circulates in ventricles and subarachnoid space
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are the functions of CSF?

A
  • provides buoyancy
  • protects CNS by providing a liquid cushion
  • keeps CNS environment stable
  • helps transport nutrients/wastes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What forms CSF

A

specialized tissue in each ventricle called choroid plexus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

How is CSF formed?

A
  • blood plasma is filtered through capillary and modified by ependymal cells
  • also composed of interstitial fluid from subarachnoid space
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

How does CSF circulate the CNS?

A

1.) CSF formation begins in choroid plexus of ventricles
2.) CSF flows from lateral ventricles into third ventricle
3.) From third ventricle into fourth ventricle
4.) After passing through apertures, it flows in subarachnoid space and down into central canal of spinal cord
5.) Excess CSF flows into arachnoid villi and drains into dural venous sinuses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are the functions of the blood-brain barrier?

A
  • regulates which substances enter brain’s interstitial fluid
  • help prevent neuron exposure to harmful substances
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is the blood-brain barrier composed of?

A

specialized capillaries
- endothelial cells connected by many tight junctions
- wrapped by perivascular feet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

True or false, the BBB is reduced in certain areas for functional reasons

A

True.
The choroid plexus needs to produce CSF and the hypothalamus and pineal gland need to secrete hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Where is the origin of all complex intellectual functions?

A

the cerebrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is the cerebrum responsible for

A

center of:
- intelligence and reasoning
- thought, memory, judgement
- voluntary motor, visual, and auditory activities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Where is the primary motor cortex located?

A

within the frontal lobe in the precentral gyrus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What is the primary motor cortex responsible for?

A

controls skeletal muscle area on opposite side of body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What area of the cerebrum controls motor speech

A

brocas area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What is the function of the frontal eye field

A

regulates eye movements needed for reading and binocular vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

what is the function of the premotor cortex?

A

coordinates learned, skill activities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

what is the function of the primary somatosensory cortex?

A

receives somatic sensory information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What is the function of the prefrontal cortex?

A

complex thought, judgement, personality, planning and deciding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What part of the brain is responsible for language comprehension?

A

wernicke area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What is white brain matter composed of?

A

myelinated axons grouped into tracts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What kind of tract connects regions of cerebral cortex within the same hemisphere

A

Association tracts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What are two type of association tracts?

A

arcuate fibers and longitudinal fasciuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What kind of tract connects regions in different hemispheres

A

commissural tracts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What kind of tract is the corpus callosum?

A

commissural tracts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What are cerebral nuclei?

A

gray matter deep in cerebrum that help regulate motor output

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31 pairs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

How are spinal nerves formed?

A

formed from merger of anterior root and posterior root

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

How is each spinal nerve named?

A

each nerve is named for part of spinal cord it comes from and a number

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

what is the smaller branch of a spinal nerve called?

A

posterior ramus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

what is the larger branch of a spinal nerve called?

A

anterior ramus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

what are rami communicantes?

A

small branches of autonomic fibers that extend between spinal nerve and sympathetic trunk ganglion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

What are dermatomes?

A

segment of skin supplied by a single nerve (involved in referred pain)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

what is a nerve plexus

A

network of interweaving anterior rami of spinal nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

What are the 4 main plexuses?

A

cervical, brachial, lumbar, and sacral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

What is a ramus?

A

a branch of a spinal nerve; contains both motor and sensory fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

What important nerve is in the cervical plexus?

A

phrenic nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

what areas does the cervical plexus innervate?

A

diaphragm, shoulder, and neck

68
Q

What important nerves are in the brachial plexus?

A

axillary, radial, median, musculocutaneous, ulnar

69
Q

What areas does the brachial plexus innervate?

A

shoulder, arm, forearm, and hand

70
Q

What important nerves are in the lumbar plexus?

A

femoral and obturator

71
Q

what areas does the lumbar plexus innervate?

A

lower abdomen and anterior and medial thighs

72
Q

What important nerves are in the sacral plexus

A

sciatic, tibial, and fibular

73
Q

what areas does the sacral plexus innervate?

A

lower trunk and posterior thigh, lateral and posterior leg and foot, gluteal muscles of hip area

74
Q

What are some characteristics of reflexes

A
  • requires a stimulus
  • rapid response
  • preprogrammed/always the same
  • involuntary
75
Q

What ways can a reflex be classified?

A

spinal or cranial: is spinal cord or brain the integration center

somatic or visceral; is effector a skeletal muscle?

monosynaptic or polysynaptic: do sensory neurons synapse motor neurons w/ or w/out interneurons

ipsilateral or contralateral: are receptor and effector on the same side of the body

innate or acquired: are you born with it?

76
Q

What is a stretch reflex?

A

a reflex that occurs when a muscle contracts after it is stretched

77
Q

What detects the stretch in a stretch reflex?

A

a muscle spindle receptor

78
Q

What is the golgi tendon reflex?

A

prevents muscles from contracting excessively

79
Q

What are golgi tendon organs and what do they do

A

proprioceptors with sensory ending at muscle tendon junction that detect excessive tension

80
Q

what is the withdrawal reflex?

A

pulls a body part away from a painful stimulus

81
Q

How does a withdrawal reflex occur?

A

stimulus excites nociceptor sensory neuron that transmits signal to spinal cord

82
Q

What is the crossed extensor reflex

A

occurs in conjunction with withdrawal reflex, allows the opposite side limb to support body while the hurt limb withdraws

83
Q

What does the somatic nervous system control?

A

consciously perceived or controlled processes

84
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system control?

A

processes regulated below conscious level, functions to maintain homeostasis

85
Q

What are the subdivisions of the ANS

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

86
Q

What are the neurons used by the ANS to reach the effector?

A

preganglionic neuron and ganglionic (post ganglionic) neuron

87
Q

What is a preganglionic neuron?

A

cell body within brainstem that releases ACh from synaptic knob to excite second motor neuron

88
Q

What is a ganglionic neuron?

A

cell body with autonomic ganglion, releases ACh or norepinephrine from synaptic knob to excite/inhibit effectors

89
Q

What are the advantages of a 2 neuron system?

A
  • neuronal convergence: multiple preganglionic neurons synapsing on one ganglionic neuron
  • neuronal divergence: branches of axon from one preganglionic neuron synapsing with numerous ganglionic neurons
90
Q

What part of the brain controls both divisions of the ANS

A

hypothalamus

91
Q

what part of the brain controls major ANS reflex centers

A

brainstem

92
Q

what part of CNS controls some ANS reflexes?

A

spinal cord

93
Q

What is the parasympathetic division of the ANS responsible for?

A

“rest and digest” conserves energy and replenishes nutrients

94
Q

What is the sympathetic division of the ANS responsible for?

A

“fight or flight” for exercise, excitement, and emergency

95
Q

How do the anatomy of the parasympathetic and sympathetic division compare?

A

In parasympathetic division. preganglionic axons are long and postganglionic axons are short. Preganglionic axons also have few branches

Sympathetic division has preganglionic axons that are short and postganglionic axons are long. Preganglionic axons have many branches

96
Q

How do the divisions of the ANS differ in degree of response

A
  • parasympathetic activity is fairly localized
  • sympathetic activity often facilitates mass activation
97
Q

Where are ganglia located in the parasympathetic division

A

terminal: closer to effector
intramural: located within wall of target organ

98
Q

What cranial nerves are part of the parasympathetic division?

A

oculomotor, facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerve

99
Q

where are ganglia located in the sympathetic division?

A

close to CNS, but anatomical pathways are complex

100
Q

What are the 4 types of sympathetic pathways

A
  • spinal nerve pathway
  • postganglionic sympathetic pathway
  • splanchnic nerve pathway
  • adrenal medulla pathway
101
Q

What neurotransmitters are used by the ANS

A

acetylcholine (ACh) and norepinephrine (NE)

102
Q

what are cholinergic neurons?

A

cells that release ACh

103
Q

What are examples of cholinergic neurons?

A

all ANS preganglionic neurons, all parasympathetic gangilionic neurons and some sympathetic ganglionic neurons

104
Q

What are adrenergic neurons?

A

cells that release norepinephrine

105
Q

most sympathetic ganglionic neurons are______(adrenergic or cholinergic)

A

adrenergic

106
Q

What are the two main types of cholinergic receptors?

A

nicotinic and muscarinic

107
Q

where are nicotinic receptors found?

A

found in all ganglionic neurons and adrenal medulla cells

108
Q

What happens when ACh binds to a nicotinic receptor?

A

it opens cation channel, cell depolarizes and EPSP produced

109
Q

Where are muscarinic receptors found?

A

found on all target organs of parasympathetic division and a few of sympathetic division

110
Q

True or false, all muscarinic receptors use second messengers

A

true, but different subtypes of receptor have different effects

111
Q

What are the two main types of adrenergic receptors?

A

alpha and beta receptors

112
Q

what is the difference between alpha and beta receptors?

A

cells with alpha receptors are typically stimulated by NE, cells with beta receptors may be stimulated or inhibited by NE

113
Q

where are a1 receptors found?

A

most smooth muscle cells

114
Q

where are b1 receptors found?

A

heart and kidney

115
Q

where are b2 receptors found?

A

smooth muscle of heart, liver, and skeletal muscle

116
Q

where are b3 receptors found?

A

adipose

117
Q

What is an autonomic tone?

A

when both divisions of ANS continuously release neurotransmitter to same effector

118
Q

what is dual innervation?

A

organ receives input from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

119
Q

What are autonomic reflexes?

A

pre programmed response to a stimulus generated by a reflex arc

120
Q

what are the components of a reflex arc?

A

1.) receptor
2.) sensory relay to CNS
3.) CNS integration center
4.) motor neuron
5.) effector

121
Q

What is the cardiovascular reflex?

A

stretch receptors in vessel walls respond to pressure elevation by sending signals to cardiac center in medulla –> heart rate slowed, bp decreases

122
Q

What is the gastrointestinal reflex

A

sensory receptors respond to rectum stretch by fecal matter and spinal cord relaxes internal anal sphincter

123
Q

what is the micturition reflex?

A

stretch receptors detect full bladder and once toilet trained, signals through pons allow for voluntary control of urethral sphincter

124
Q

What are the accessory structures of the eye?

A

eyelids, eyelashes, conjunctiva, lacrimal apparatus, and extrinsic eye muscles

125
Q

What is the function of the conjuctiva

A

membrane that secretes mucus to lubricate the eye

126
Q

What is the function of the lacrimal apparatus?

A

protects, moistens, and lubricates the eye

127
Q

What are the three layers of the eye?

A

Fibrous layer: outside layer
Vascular layer: middle layer
Sensory layer: inside layer

128
Q

What structures are found in the fibrous layer?

A

sclera and cornea

129
Q

what is the function of the sclera?

A

white connective tissue layer of the eye

130
Q

What is the function of the cornea?

A

transparent portion that allows for light to pass through

131
Q

What are the structures of the vascular layer?

A

choroid, ciliary body, iris, and pupil

132
Q

what is the function of the choroid

A

blood rich nutritice layer that has pigment to prevent light from scattering

133
Q

what is the function of the iris

A

regulates amount of light entering eye

134
Q

what is the function of the pupil

A

rounded opening in iris

135
Q

what is the function of the ciliary body

A

smooth muscle that controls lens

136
Q

What are the structures of the sensory layer

A

retina and optic disc

137
Q

What are the two layers of the retina

A
  • Outer pigmented layer absorbs light and prevents it from
    scattering
  • Inner neural layer contains rods and cones
138
Q

What type of vision do rods percieve?

A

allow vision in dim light and peripheral vision, all perceptions are in gray tones

139
Q

What type of vision do cones percieve

A

allow for detailed color vision

140
Q

what is the fovea centralis?

A

area of retina with only cones where sharpest vision is from

141
Q

What causes colorblindness?

A

lack of one cone type (3 different types)

142
Q

How does cataracts occur?

A

occurs when lens becomes hard and opaque

143
Q

What chamber contains aqueous humor?

A

anterior segment

144
Q

what chamber contains vitreous humor?

A

posterior cavity

145
Q

What is the function of the aqueous humor?

A

watery fluid that helps maintain intraocular pressure and provides nutrients to lens and cornea

146
Q

What is the function of the vitreous humor?

A

gel like structure that prevents eye from collapsing

147
Q

At what point do the optic nerves cross?

A

optic chiasm

148
Q

What is the path of nerve impulses from the retina to the brain?

A

1.Optic nerve
2.Optic chiasm
3.Optic tract
4.Thalamus
5.Optic radiation
6.Visual cortex in occipital lobe of brain

149
Q

What are two types of eye reflexes

A

photopupillary reflex and accommodation pupillary reflex

150
Q

What causes night blindness?

A

inhibited rod function that hinders the ability to see at night

151
Q

What is glaucoma?

A

can cause blindness due to increasing pressure within the eye

152
Q

What is hemianopia?

A

loss of the same side of the visual field of both eyes

153
Q

What are the three regions of the ear?

A

1.External (outer) ear
2.Middle ear (tympanic cavity)
3.Inner ear (bony labyrinth)

154
Q

What are the structures of the external ear?

A

auricle (pinna) and external acoustic meatus (auditory canal)

155
Q

What is the function of the middle ear?

A

air filled cavity within the temporal bone that is involved only with hearing

156
Q

What are the three bones of the middle ear

A

1.Malleus (hammer)
2.Incus (anvil)
3.Stapes (stirrup)

157
Q

What are the structures of the inner ear?

A

cochlea, vestibule, semicircular canals

158
Q

What are the two components of the vestibular apparatus

A

static equilibrium and dynamic equilibrium

159
Q

What are the receptors found in the static equilibrium and what are their function?

A

maculae
- report on position of head via vestibular nerve

160
Q

How does static equilibrium work?

A

hair cells embedded in otolithic membrane and tiny stones float in gel around hairs

161
Q

what is the inner ear filled with

A

perilymph

162
Q

How does dynamic equilibrium work?

A

The movement of the cupula stimulates the hair cells during angular head movements

163
Q

Describe the process of hearing

A
  • Vibrations from sound waves move tectorial membrane
  • Hair cells are bent by the membrane
  • An action potential starts in the cochlear nerve
164
Q

How are high pitched sounds interpreted compared to low pitched sounds

A

high pitched sounds disturb short stiff fibers while low pitched cells disturb long floppy fibers

165
Q

How does conduction deafness happen?

A

results when transmission of sound vibrations through external/middle ear is hindered

166
Q

How does sensorineural deafness happen?

A

results from damage to the nervous
system structures involved in hearing

Anatomy (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions