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Anatomy > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the layers of the skin from deep to superficial?

A
  • stratum basale
  • stratum spinosum
  • stratum granulosum
  • stratum lucidum
  • stratum corneum
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2
Q

what layers of the epidermis are composed of living keratinocytes?

A

the first 3 layers

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3
Q

How many layers make up the stratum basale?

A

1 layer of cuboidal to low columnar cells

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4
Q

what are the 3 cell types found in the stratum basale

A

keratinocytes, melanocytes, and tactile cells

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5
Q

what are the most abundant cells in the epidermis?

A

keratinocytes

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6
Q

what is the function and location of keratinocytes

A

found in all layers, keratinocytes divide to regenerate new cells replacing old cells shed at surface, synthesizes keratin

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7
Q

what is the function of melanocytes

A

produce and store pigment in response to UV light, transfer pigment granules into keratinocytes

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8
Q

what is the function of tactile cells and what is another name for them

A

tactile (merkel) cells are scattered within stratum basale and are sensitive to touch. When compressed, chemicals are released that stimulate sensory nerve endings

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9
Q

how many layers make up the stratum spinosum

A

several layers of polygonal keratinocytes

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10
Q

what is the function of the stratum spinosum?

A

daughter cells from stratum basale are pushed in and begin to develop into specialized non dividing keratinocytes

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11
Q

what is the function of langerhans cells and where can they be found?

A

(epidermal dendritic cells) initiate immune response, found in spinosum and granulosum

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12
Q

how many layers make up the stratum granulosum

A

3-5 layers of keratinocytes

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13
Q

describe the steps of keratinization

A

(begins in granulosum)
- keratinocytes fill with keratin
- causes nucleus and organelles to disintergrate
- fully keratinized cell dead but structurally sound
- takes several layers to complete

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14
Q

how many layers is the stratum lucidum?

A

2-3 translucent layers

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15
Q

which layer of epidermis is only found in thick skin?

A

stratum lucidum

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16
Q

what is the protein found in thick skin that protects it from UV light?

A

eleidin

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17
Q

how many layers make up the stratum corneum?

A

20-30 layers of dead, interlocking keratinized cells

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18
Q

how long does it take the keratinocytes to migrate from the stratum basale to the stratum corneum?

A

about 2 weeks

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19
Q

what is the difference between thick skin and thin skin?

A

thick skin lacks hair follicles and sebaceous glands

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20
Q

true or false, those with darker skin have more melanocytes

A

false, everyone has the same number of melanocytes

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21
Q

where does carotene accumulate in the skin?

A

in subcutaneous fat and the keratinocytes of the stratum corneum

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22
Q

what causes albinism?

A

enzyme for melanin is nonfunctional and melanin can’t be produced

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23
Q

what is a nevus?

A

a localized overgrowth of melanocytes (a mole)

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24
Q

what do freckles represent?

A

localized areas of increased melanocyte activity

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25
Q

what is a hemangioma and what are the 2 types?

A

a skin discoloration due to benign blood vessel tumor, 2 types: capillary and cavernous

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26
Q

what are friction ridges?

A

small pegs in thin skin and complex arches and whorls in fingers, palms, soles, and toes

27
Q

what is the function of friction ridges?

A

to increase friction on contact, also used for personal identification

28
Q

what are the layers of the dermis?

A

papillary layer and reticular layer

29
Q

what is the papillary layer composed of?

A

composed of areolar CT which forms dermal papillae

30
Q

what part of the epidermis interacts with the dermis to interlock them and increase contact?

A

epidermal ridges

31
Q

what is the reticular layer composed of?

A

dense irregular ct, large bundles of collagen fibers project

32
Q

describe lines of cleavage

A

collagen and elastic fibers oriented in parallel bundles designed to resist stress during routine movement

33
Q

how do the fibers of the dermis contribute to the characteristics of the skin?

A

the collagen fibers impart tensile strength while the elastic fibers allow stretch and recoil

34
Q

what is the subcutaneous layer composed of?

A

areolar and adipose CT, CT fibers are interwoven with fibers of reticular dermis

35
Q

what is the function of the subcutaneous layer?

A

pads and protects body, acts as energy reservoir, provides thermal insulation

36
Q

which gender has a thicker subcutaneous layer

A

females

37
Q

What are the functions of the integument

A
  • protection
  • prevention of water loss/gain
    -secretion/absorption
  • immune protection
  • temp regulation
  • sensory reception
38
Q

what is the function of sebaceous glands?

A

secrete sebum to lubricate skin and hair and make the integument water resistant

39
Q

how does the integument regulate temperature

A

vasoconstriction decreases blood supply to peripheral structures

40
Q

what are the 2 types of sweat glands

A

apocrine and merocrine

41
Q

what type of sweat gland is most numerous

A

merocrine

42
Q

what is the function of merocrine sweatglands

A

thermoregulation, secrete sweat composed of 99% water

43
Q

where are merocrine glands most abundant?

A

palms, soles, and forhead

44
Q

where are apocrine sweat glands found?

A

confined to axillary and anogenital areas

45
Q

what do apocrine sweat glands secrete

A

sweat, fatty substances, and proteins

46
Q

what are the two ways integumentary tissue can be repaired?

A

regeneration and fibrosis

47
Q

describe the process of regeneration

A

replacement of damaged or dead cells with same cell type, restores function

48
Q

describe the process of fibrosis

A

gaps are filled with scar tissue, functional activities not restored

49
Q

Name the inputs and outputs of glycolysis

A

input: glucose, 2 ATP
output: 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH,2 ATP

50
Q

Name the inputs and outputs of the intermediate stage

A

input: 2 pyruvate
output: 2 acetyl-CoA, CO2

51
Q

Name the inputs and outputs of the citric acid cycle

A

input: 2 acetyl CoA
outputs: CO2, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP

52
Q

name the inputs and outputs of the electron transport chain

A

input: NADH,FADH2
output: H2O, 30 ish ATP

53
Q

what is the final theoretical output from 1 glucose molecule

A

about 34 ATP

54
Q

what is the final electron acceptor in cellular respiration?

A

oxygen

55
Q

which process produces ATP in glycolysis and Citric Acid Cycle?

A

substrate level phosphorylation

56
Q

what process produces ATP in the ETC?

A

oxidative phosphorylation

57
Q

what type of gland lacks ducts?

A

endocrine glands

58
Q

what are the two layers of serous membranes?

A

parietal layer: lines internal surface of body wall
visceral layer: covers external surface of organs

59
Q

what is the function of serous fluid?

A

acts as a lubricant to reduce friction caused by movement of organs against body wall

60
Q

what is the median space in the thoracic cavity?

A

the mediastinum

61
Q

what serous membrane surrounds the heart?

A

the pericardium

62
Q

what serous membrane is associated with the lungs?

A

the pleura

63
Q

what serous membrane lines the abdominopelvic cavity?

A

the peritoneum

64
Q

what are the three components of homeostatic systems

A

receptor, control center, effector

Anatomy (10 decks)

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