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Anatomy > Lymphatic and Immune System > Flashcards

Lymphatic and Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

what are the functions of the lymphatic system?

A
  • transport and house lymphocytes and other immune cells
  • return excess fluid in body tissues to blood to maintain blood volume
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2
Q

what are the components of lymph?

A

water, dissolved solutes, and small amount of protein

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3
Q

what are lymphatic capillaries?

A

small, closed-ended vessels that absorb interstitial fluid

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4
Q

how do lymphatic capillaries differ from blood capillaries?

A

lymphatic capillaries are slightly larger and lack a basement membrane

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5
Q

what are lacteals?

A

lymphatic capillaries in GI tract that absorb lipid soluble substances

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6
Q

what are the tunics of lymphatic vessels?

A

same as blood vessels (intima, media, externa)

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7
Q

how do lymphatic vessels prevent pooling and back flow?

A

utilize valves

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8
Q

how does the lymphatic system move lymph

A
  • skeletal muscles and respiratory pumps
  • pulsatile movement of blood in nearby arteries
  • rhythmic contraction of smooth muscle in larger lymph vessel walls
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9
Q

What are the major lymphatic trunks?

A
  • jugular trunks: drain lymph from head and neck
  • subclavian trunks: drain upper limbs, breasts, thoracic wall
  • bronchomediastinal trunks: drain deep thoracic structures
  • intestinal trunks: drain most abdominal structures
  • lumbar trunks: drain lower limbs, abdominopelvic wall, and pelvic organs
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10
Q

What is the largest type of lymphatic vessel?

A

lymphatic ducts

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11
Q

what is the function of lymphatic ducts?

A

to bring lymph to venous blood circulation

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12
Q

what are the two lymphatic ducts?

A

right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct

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13
Q

what is the function of the right lymphatic duct?

A
  • drains upper right quadrant of body
  • delivers lymph to junction of right subclavian and right internal jugular veins
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14
Q

what vessel contains cisterna chyli?

A

the thoracic duct
- found at base, receive lipid rich chyle from GI tract

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15
Q

what is lymphedema?

A

accumulation of interstitial fluid due to interference with lymphatic drainage

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16
Q

what are primary lymphatic structures?

A

involved in formation and maturation of lymphocytes
- red bone marrow and thymus

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17
Q

what are secondary lymphatic structures?

A
  • do not form lymphocytes but house them and other immune cells
  • sites of immune response initiation
  • lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, and lymphatic nodules
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18
Q

Where is red bone marrow located?

A

located between trabeculae of spongy bone
- in flat bones of skull, ribs, and sternum, vertebrae, heads of femur and humerus

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19
Q

Why is the thymus important in lymphatic functioning?

A

involved in T-lymphocyte maturation

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20
Q

what makes up the thymus?

A
  • consists of two thymic lobes, each surrounded by CT capsule
  • trabeculae of capsules subdivide into lobules w/ cortex and medulla regions
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21
Q

How do lymphatic organs differ from other lymphatic structures?

A

organs have a complete capsule of dense irregular CT while other structures have an incomplete capsule or lack one

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22
Q

what is the function of lymph nodes?

A

filer lymph and remove unwanted substances

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23
Q

where are lymph nodes located?

A

located along deep and superficial pathways of lymph vessels

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24
Q

how are lymph nodes arranged?

A

occur in clusters receiving lymph from body regions

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25
Q

what are the different lymph node clusters?

A
  • cervical lymph nodes: receive lymph from head and neck
  • axillary lymph nodes: receive lymph from breast, axilla, and upper limbs
  • inguinal lymph nodes: receive lymph from lower limbs and pelvis
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26
Q

What are the types of lymphatic vessels found in lymph nodes?

A

afferent lymphatic vessels: bring lymph to node
efferent vessel: drains a lymph node

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27
Q

what surrounds a lymph node?

A

dense ct capsule that encloses node; contain trabeculae which subdivide node into compartments

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28
Q

what are the layers of a lymph node cortex?

A

germinal center
- supported by reticular fibers
- houses proliferating B lymphocytes and some macrophages

surrounding mantle zone
- contains T lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells

cortical sinuses
- tiny open channels lined by macrophages

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29
Q

what structures are found in the medulla of a lymph node?

A

medullary cords: ct fibers that support B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, and macrophages

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30
Q

What are medullary sinuses?

A

tiny open channels lined with macrophages

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31
Q

how does lymph flow through nodes

A
  • enters through several afferent vessels
  • lymph is monitored for presence of foreign material
  • lymph exits node through efferent vessel
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32
Q

what is the largest lymphatic organ?

A

the spleen

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33
Q

what are the tissues of the spleen and how do they differ?

A

white pulp
- clusters of T and B lymphocytes and macrophages around central artery
Red pulp
- contains erythrocytes, platelets, macrophages, and B lymphocytes
- storage site for erythrocytes and platelets

34
Q

What two structures are found in red pulp?

A
  • splenic cords: cells and reticular ct in red pulp
  • splenic sinusoids: very permeable capillaries
35
Q

How does the spleen monitor blood?

A
  • white pulp monitors it for foreign materials and bacteria
  • macrophages in sinusoids of red pulp remove particles
36
Q

what is the path of blood flow through the spleen?

A

splenic artery, central artery, sinusoids, venules, splenic vein

37
Q

How do the tonsils assist in lymphatic functioning?

A

immune surveillance of inhaled and ingested substances

38
Q

what are the three tonsils?

A
  • pharyngeal tonsil: in nasopharynx
  • palatine tonsils: in postolateral oral cavity
  • lingual tonsils: along posterior third of tongue
39
Q

what are lymphatic nodules?

A
  • clusters of lymphatic cells with some extracellular matrix
  • found in every body organ
  • help defend against infection
  • in some areas, group together to form larger structures
40
Q

What is MALT?

A

mucosa associated lymphatic tissue
- located in gastrointestinal, respiratory, genital, and urinary tracts
- help defend against foreign substances
- prominent in small intestines, especially ileum

41
Q

What are prions?

A

fragments of infectious proteins
- neither cells nor viruses
- cause disease in nervous tissue (mad cows disease)

42
Q

What are cytokines?

A

small proteins that regulate immune activity
- produced by cells of both innate and adaptive immune system

43
Q

what are the effects of cytokines?

A
  • signaling cells
  • controlling development and behavior of immune cells
  • regulating inflammatory response
  • destroying cells
44
Q

what are the two types of immunity?

A

innate and adaptive

45
Q

what factors differentiate the two types of immunity

A
  • cells involved
  • specificity of cell response
  • mechanisms of eliminating harmful substances
  • amount of time for response
46
Q

What is innate immunity?

A

non specific immunity, first and second lines of defense
- skin
-inflammatory response
- NKC, phagocytic cells

47
Q

what is adaptive immunity?

A

specific immunity
- lymphocytes
- antibodies
- macrophages
- contact with antigen causes lymphocyte proliferation

48
Q

How do neutrophils and macrophages function?

A

destroy engulfed pathogens
- respiratory burst produces reactive oxygen-containing molecules that help destroy microbes
- degraded residue released by exocytosis

49
Q

How do dendritic cells function?

A

destroy particles and then present fragments
- antigens are presented on dendritic cell surface to T lymphocytes which is necessary for initiating adaptive immunity

50
Q

How do Basophils and mast cells function?

A

promote inflamation
- release granules containing chemicals
- chemicals increase movement of fluid from blood to injured tissue
- histamine increases vasoconstriction and cap. permeability
- heparin acts as anticoagulant

51
Q

where are basophils and mast cells found?

A
  • basophils circulate in blood
  • mast cells reside in CT, mucosa, internal organs
52
Q

How do natural killer cells function?

A
  • destroy virus/bacteria infected cells, tumor cells, tumor of transplanted tissue
  • kill by releasing cytotoxic chemicals
53
Q

How do eosinophils function?

A

attack multicellular parasites
- degranulate, release enzymes, and other toxic substances
- participate in immune response of allergy and asthma

54
Q

What are the branches of adaptive immunity?

A
  • cell-mediated immunity: involving T-lymphocytes
  • humoral immunity: involving B-lymphocytes, plasma cells, and antibodies
55
Q

what is an antigenic determinant?

A
  • also called an epitope
  • specific site on antigen recognized by immune system
  • each has a different shape
  • pathogenic organisms can have multiple
56
Q

what is an immunogen?

A

antigen that induces an immune response

57
Q

what are haptens?

A

small foreign molecules that induce an immune response when attached to a carrier molecule in host ex: toxin in poison ivy

58
Q

what are receptor complexes?

A

receptors on B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes that each bind one specific antigen
- about 100,000 per cell

59
Q

How does each lymphocyte make contact with an antigen?

A
  • B-lymphocytes make direct contact with antigen
  • T-lymphocytes have antigen presented by another cell
60
Q

What are the subtypes of T-lymphocytes?

A
  • helper T-lymphocytes (CD4+ cells): assist in cell-mediated, humoral, and innate immunity
  • Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CD8+ cells): release chemicals that destroy cells
  • other types are memory T-cells and regulatory T-cells
61
Q

What types of cells present antigens

A
  • all nucleated cells of the body
  • antigen-presenting cells: immune cells that present to helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells
62
Q

What is required for an T cell to bind to an antigen?

A

a major histocompatibility complex

63
Q

what are the two types of MHCs?

A

MHC I: found on all nucleated cells
MHC II: found on APCs w/ MHC I

64
Q

What are MHC I molecules and how are they made?

A
  • glycoproteins
  • have genetically determined structure that is unique to individual
  • continuously synthesized and modified by Rough ER
65
Q

How does MHC I work?

A

display fragments of proteins that were bound in ER
- if fragments are from endogenous proteins, immune system recognizes them as “self” and ignores them
- if fragments are from an infectious agent, immune system considers the antigen “nonself”

66
Q

What are MHC II molecules and how are they made?

A
  • also glycoproteins
  • exogenous antigens brought into cell through endocytosis
  • phagosome merges with lysosome, forming a phagolysosome
  • substance digested into peptide fragments
  • fragments “loaded: onto MHC II within vesicle which merges with plasma membrane
67
Q

What are the three main events in the life of a lymphocyte?

A
  • formation and maturation of lymphocytes
  • activation of lymphocytes
  • effector response: action of lymphocytes to eliminate antigen
68
Q

how are lymphocytes activated?

A
  • in secondary lymphatic structures they are exposed to antigen and become activated
  • replicate to form identical lymphocytes
69
Q

How does the B-cell effector response differ from that of T-cells?

A

T-lymphocytes migrate to site of infection while B-lymphocytes stay in secondary structure and release large quantities of antibodies which are transported to site of infection

70
Q

Where do lymphocytes become immunocompetent?

A

B-lymphocytes: bone marrow
T-lymphocytes: thymus

71
Q

What are the steps for the primary humoral immune response?

A
  • B-lymphocytes with specific receptors bind to antigen
  • binding event activates the lymphocyte to undergo clonal selection
  • a large number of clones are produced
72
Q

what happens to B cells after the primary humoral response?

A
  • most B cells become plasma cells which produce antibodies
  • some B cells become long-lived memory cells
73
Q

what occurs during the secondary humoral responses

A
  • memory cells are long-lived
  • a second exposure causes a rapid response
  • the secondary response is stronger and longer lasting
74
Q

what is active immunity?

A

occurs when B cells encounter antigens and produce antibodies
- can be naturally acquired during bacterial and viral infections or artificially acquired from vaccines

75
Q

what is passive immunity?

A

occurs when antibodies are obtained from someone else
- acquired naturally from mother to fetus or artificially from immune serum or gamma globulin
- immunological memory does not occur

76
Q

what are monoclonal antibodies?

A
  • antibodies prepared for clinical testing or diagnostic services
  • produced from descendants of a single cell line
  • can be used to diagnose pregnancy and as treatment after exposure to hepatitis and rabies
77
Q

what is the structure of an antibody?

A
  • four amino acid chains linked by disulfide bonds
  • two identical amino acid chains are linked to form a heavy chain
  • other two identical chains are light chains
  • specific antigen binding sites are present
78
Q

what are the five immunoglobulin classes?

A
  • IgM
  • IgA
  • IgD
  • IgG
  • IgE
    (MADGE)
79
Q

What are the actions of the Fc region of antibodies

A
  • complement fixation: can bind complement for activation
  • opsonization: certain antibody classes can make it more likely target cell will be seen by phagocytic cells
  • activation of NK cells
80
Q

what occurs in cell-mediated immune response?

A
  • antigens must be presented by macrophages to an immunocompetent T cell
  • T cell must recognize non self and self
  • after antigen binding, clones form but different classes of cells are produced
81
Q

what are the T cell clones produced during cell-mediated immunity

A

cytotoxic T cells
- specialized in killing infected cells
- insert a toxic chemical (perforin)

Helper T cells
- recruit other cells to fight the invaders
- interact directly with B cells

Regulatory T cells
- release chemicals to suppress the activity of B and T cells
- stop the immune response to prevent uncontrolled activity

Anatomy (10 decks)

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