reproductive system Flashcards
function of the reproductive system
protect the reproductive organs, parts of urinary and GIT organs
muscular attachments - act as a base for them to work
transmission of body weight
what is above/below the pelvic brim?
above is false pelvis, below is true pelvis
what is the perineum?
under the outlet, where you get the external genetelia and openings for the reportand urinary system
sexual dimorphism between male and female pelvis
pubic angle is more narrow in the male
female pelvis is broader but not as high
obturators foramen is round is male and oval in female
greater sciatic foramen is a J shape in male and L shape in female
effects that pelvic shape may have on the rest of the body
female pelvis is wider- the legs start from a wider, so the angle of the knees are different
elbow may also be changed (when you swing your arms)
report differences between male and female
male- gonads are external
genitalia are bigger
urinary sphincters are different- separated by the prostrate
urethra is much longer in male
female- gonads/ ovaries are internal
erectile tissue is there but less prominent, but same basic shape
- two openings- creating potential weakness
- nothing between the sphincters
attachments of the sacrospinous ligament
sacrum to ischial spine
attachments of the sacrotuberous ligament
sacrum to the ischial tuberosity
attachments of the sacroiliac ligament
sacrum to the ileum
has anterior and posterior covering the scar-iliac joint
attachment of the ileopectinal ligament
from the ileum to the pectineal line
what are the broad/round ligament?
condensations of connective tissue that are weaker
why do you have strong sacrotuberous/ sacrospinous ligaments?
close a lot of space
the vertebral column and sacrum moe a lot and you don’t want them to separate
similarities between the obturator interns and piriformis muscle
bulk of the muscle bodies are inside the pelvis
muscle tendon exits the pelvis either through the greater sciatic foramen or lesser sciatic foramen and attaches to the lower limb where it produces movement of the hip
- closed in other space still present within pelvis
what is part of the pelvic diaphragm,?
levator ani and occygeus
levator ani
three muscles = puborecatlis, pubococcygeus and ileococcygeus
iliococcygeus function
fixes bladder neck, anorectal junction and vaginal fornices in place
functions in urinartion, defecation, uterine elements,
sex response
attachments of pelvis diaphragm
has kind of slipped down
attaches to the arches tendinous and attaches to the inside of the obturator interns
ischiococcygeus attachment
from ischial spine to the coccyx
iliococcygeus attachment
arcus tendineus to the coccyx
urogenital hiatus between male and female
in female it is a bigger structure
arcus tendineus
from the pubis to the spine
condensation of fascia
pubococcygeus attaches at the front and the ileococcygeus attaches to the back of the arc
pubococcygeus
arises from the back of the pubic bone and back of the arc
forms urogenital hiatus
pubourethralis, pubovaginalis, puboprostaticis
puborectalis
forms an anorectal sling- important for fatal continence
more superficial than the rest of the pelvic diaphragm
iliococcygeus
from the posterior prt of tendinous arc
join in the midline - therefore insert on each other
levator plate
anococcygeal ligament- is where the muscle join in the middle . deep ACl is much stronger
straining of pelvis
the iliococcygeus is more flat when strained than at rest
push against levator plate- so stop from pushing out e.g. vagina etc.
weak levator ani
prolapse and weakness
ishiococcygeus
take muscle part off there is the sacrospinous ligament
therefore two coextensive structures - in elderly people the muscle is far less prominent
external anal sphincter
made from skeletal muscle
has a subcutaneous, superficial and deep layer
have voluntary control
puborectalis and deep layer of external anal sphinter
continous
pelvic diapgrahm and external anal sphincter are linked- need to work in a coordinated manner for defecation to occur
what is in the superficial perineal pouch?
erectile tissue and associated muscles
in females = greater vestibular glands
erectile tissue females
clitoris and bulbs of vestibule
posterior join labia majora
fourchette
opening of duct of parautheral gland
equivalent of the prostrate
opening on f the greater vestibular gland
equivalent to bulbourethral gland
scrotum
fusion of labia majora
differences between male and female
male= one opening of urethral opening
bulbourethral glands in the deep pouch
female= two opening
greater vestibular glands in the superficial pouch
perineal membrane attachments
to the rami of the pubs and ischium
external urethral sphincter in females
has compressor urethrae
deep transverse perineal muscle
is smooth muscle in females- distend during child birth
is skeletal muscle in men
perineal body
important attachment site of perineal muscles
has smooth muscle, elastic tissue
capable of massive distension during childbirth
what does the relation of the gonad have to do with the peritoneum?
in both genders they start up near the kidneys retroperitoneally and they descend down either into pelvis or scrotum
as testis moves it takes the peritoneum with it
ovary is still within the peritoneal cavity- so is completely covered with peritoneum (which is broken overtime ovulation occurs)
what is part of the broad ligament?
mesometrium - next to uterus mesosalpinx- next to tube and the mesovarium - next to ovary
what are remnant of the govunaculum?
the round ligament and ligament of the ovary
the govunaculum descended the ovaries in fatal development.
suspensory ligament of ovary
fold of peritoneum- non ligament ligament
uterine tube
has infundibulum, ampulla and isthmus, then intramural opening into uterus
cornua
top of uterus forms quite distinct horns in animals
shape of cervix
round shape = haven’t given birth
dilation with slit external os = has given birth
orientation of uterus
version= angle between vagina and cervix flexion= angle between cervix and rest of uterine body
space around the cervix
posterior fornix is much deeper than the anterior fornix
not much tissue that separated of the inside of the vigana to the inside of the peritoneal cavity
relationship of blood supply laterally of cervix to uereter
uterine artery goes on top of the ureter- water under the bridge
epithelium of vagina and cervix
vagina = stratified squamous epithelium cervix = simple columnar glandular epithelium. also has mucous producing glands, mucous filled cysts
cervial transformation zone
hormones drive uterine changes with menstrual changes- in cervix
acidic environment in the vagina. get a movement in the boundary of the two types of epithelium
fascial condensations inside peritoneum
endopelvic fascia- condensations of connective tissue, they primarily attach around the cervix at the bottom of the uterus, not the top because during pregnancy the top of the uterus has to move and grow, so you don’t want to anchor that in place.
uterosacral ligament, transverse cervical ligament and pubovesical ligament
scrotum
testis has double layer of peritoneum (tunica vaginalis) around it- therefore certain amount of movement of testis within the scrotum
testis and overlying scrotum have different blood and nerve supplies and different lymphatic drainage
cremaster muscle
derived from the internal oblique
draws the testis towards the body
dartos muscle
close to the surface of the skin
more akin to muscle of fascial expression- wrinkles the skin
seminal vesciel
produce another part of the semen, like the nutrients and energy
ejaculatory duct
formed by ductus deferences and the seminal vesicle
uvula
projection in the trigone caused by the median lobe of the prostrate (hypertrophy) in older men
zones of the prostrate
transition, central, peripheral and anterior
prostatic utricle
embryonic remnant of what would have been the uterus in the vagina
transitional zone of the prostrate
sits around urethra
where benign protastic hypertrophy occurs
peripheral zone of prostrate
extends up back of prostate- can palpate for tumours
corpora amylacea
concetion of prostatic fluid
tunica albuginea in the penis
covers the corpus cavernous and prevents the leakage of blood
blood supply male branches of internal iliac
inferior vesical artery - supply the prostrate, seminal vesicle,
internal pudendal- supplies perineal muscles and erectile tissue (dorsal and deep arteries of penis, posterior scrotal arteries)
anterior scrotal arteries
blood supply female, branches of internal iliac
uterine artery
internal pudendal artery ( dorsal and deep arteries of clitoris and posterior labial arteries)
anterior labial arteries
why do ovarian and uterine artery anastamose
the lymphatic drainage is dependent on the blood supply
both supply uterine tube and upper part of uterus
lymphatic drainage of the repro
lymphatic drainage of ovary and testis drains upwards
therefore disease passes upwards and internally to the aorta
why ovarian and testicular cancer are a problem because they spread
lympathic drainage follows the arterial supply
scrotum and testis drainage
skin –> superficial inguinal lymph nodes
deep tissues –> deep inguinal and external and internal iliac lymph nodes
how might disease spread in the female report system
lymphatic spread along the round ligaments to the superficial inguinal nodes from from the uterus
ovaries to the para-aortic nodes
nerve supply of the perneum
S2, S3 and S4/5 supply the perineum = sensation to the skin
pudendal nerve
s2-4 sensation supply the external anal sphincter external urinary sphincter muscles in volved in the sex response runs under/ superficial to the pelvic diaphragm
nerve to levator ani
s3-5
may come off separately from plexus in the sacrum
runs above pelvic diaphragm
autonomic nerves of the pelvis
internal anal and urethral sphincter are involuntary
derived from the parasympathetic ro sympathetic
above the elevator ani is mostly autonomic, but a little bit of somatic supply
under the elevator and is innervated by the pudendal nerve with a little autonomic supply
nerves pass close to the prostrate
risk in prostatic surgery
effect of ageing
uterine and ovarian volume decreases
upper rectum contracts, rectal ampulla increases in size
position of pelvic floor changes
vaginal wall thins, fewer mucosal folds,
perineal body smaller, perineum longer
pelvic floor muscles thin
more adipose tissue
sexual response
erection = PNS, ingressive blood into erectile tissue emission= SNS, movement of sperm ejaculatory = rhythmic contraction of skeletal muscle = pudendal nerve
