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reproductive system Flashcards

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1
Q

function of the reproductive system

A

protect the reproductive organs, parts of urinary and GIT organs
muscular attachments - act as a base for them to work
transmission of body weight

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2
Q

what is above/below the pelvic brim?

A

above is false pelvis, below is true pelvis

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3
Q

what is the perineum?

A

under the outlet, where you get the external genetelia and openings for the reportand urinary system

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4
Q

sexual dimorphism between male and female pelvis

A

pubic angle is more narrow in the male
female pelvis is broader but not as high
obturators foramen is round is male and oval in female
greater sciatic foramen is a J shape in male and L shape in female

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5
Q

effects that pelvic shape may have on the rest of the body

A

female pelvis is wider- the legs start from a wider, so the angle of the knees are different
elbow may also be changed (when you swing your arms)

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6
Q

report differences between male and female

A

male- gonads are external
genitalia are bigger
urinary sphincters are different- separated by the prostrate
urethra is much longer in male
female- gonads/ ovaries are internal
erectile tissue is there but less prominent, but same basic shape
- two openings- creating potential weakness
- nothing between the sphincters

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7
Q

attachments of the sacrospinous ligament

A

sacrum to ischial spine

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8
Q

attachments of the sacrotuberous ligament

A

sacrum to the ischial tuberosity

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9
Q

attachments of the sacroiliac ligament

A

sacrum to the ileum

has anterior and posterior covering the scar-iliac joint

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10
Q

attachment of the ileopectinal ligament

A

from the ileum to the pectineal line

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11
Q

what are the broad/round ligament?

A

condensations of connective tissue that are weaker

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12
Q

why do you have strong sacrotuberous/ sacrospinous ligaments?

A

close a lot of space

the vertebral column and sacrum moe a lot and you don’t want them to separate

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13
Q

similarities between the obturator interns and piriformis muscle

A

bulk of the muscle bodies are inside the pelvis
muscle tendon exits the pelvis either through the greater sciatic foramen or lesser sciatic foramen and attaches to the lower limb where it produces movement of the hip
- closed in other space still present within pelvis

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14
Q

what is part of the pelvic diaphragm,?

A

levator ani and occygeus

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15
Q

levator ani

A

three muscles = puborecatlis, pubococcygeus and ileococcygeus

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16
Q

iliococcygeus function

A

fixes bladder neck, anorectal junction and vaginal fornices in place
functions in urinartion, defecation, uterine elements,
sex response

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17
Q

attachments of pelvis diaphragm

A

has kind of slipped down

attaches to the arches tendinous and attaches to the inside of the obturator interns

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18
Q

ischiococcygeus attachment

A

from ischial spine to the coccyx

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19
Q

iliococcygeus attachment

A

arcus tendineus to the coccyx

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20
Q

urogenital hiatus between male and female

A

in female it is a bigger structure

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21
Q

arcus tendineus

A

from the pubis to the spine
condensation of fascia
pubococcygeus attaches at the front and the ileococcygeus attaches to the back of the arc

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22
Q

pubococcygeus

A

arises from the back of the pubic bone and back of the arc
forms urogenital hiatus
pubourethralis, pubovaginalis, puboprostaticis

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23
Q

puborectalis

A

forms an anorectal sling- important for fatal continence

more superficial than the rest of the pelvic diaphragm

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24
Q

iliococcygeus

A

from the posterior prt of tendinous arc

join in the midline - therefore insert on each other

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25
levator plate
anococcygeal ligament- is where the muscle join in the middle . deep ACl is much stronger
26
straining of pelvis
the iliococcygeus is more flat when strained than at rest | push against levator plate- so stop from pushing out e.g. vagina etc.
27
weak levator ani
prolapse and weakness
28
ishiococcygeus
take muscle part off there is the sacrospinous ligament | therefore two coextensive structures - in elderly people the muscle is far less prominent
29
external anal sphincter
made from skeletal muscle has a subcutaneous, superficial and deep layer have voluntary control
30
puborectalis and deep layer of external anal sphinter
continous | pelvic diapgrahm and external anal sphincter are linked- need to work in a coordinated manner for defecation to occur
31
what is in the superficial perineal pouch?
erectile tissue and associated muscles | in females = greater vestibular glands
32
erectile tissue females
clitoris and bulbs of vestibule
33
posterior join labia majora
fourchette
34
opening of duct of parautheral gland
equivalent of the prostrate
35
opening on f the greater vestibular gland
equivalent to bulbourethral gland
36
scrotum
fusion of labia majora
37
differences between male and female
male= one opening of urethral opening bulbourethral glands in the deep pouch female= two opening greater vestibular glands in the superficial pouch
38
perineal membrane attachments
to the rami of the pubs and ischium
39
external urethral sphincter in females
has compressor urethrae
40
deep transverse perineal muscle
is smooth muscle in females- distend during child birth | is skeletal muscle in men
41
perineal body
important attachment site of perineal muscles has smooth muscle, elastic tissue capable of massive distension during childbirth
42
what does the relation of the gonad have to do with the peritoneum?
in both genders they start up near the kidneys retroperitoneally and they descend down either into pelvis or scrotum as testis moves it takes the peritoneum with it ovary is still within the peritoneal cavity- so is completely covered with peritoneum (which is broken overtime ovulation occurs)
43
what is part of the broad ligament?
mesometrium - next to uterus mesosalpinx- next to tube and the mesovarium - next to ovary
44
what are remnant of the govunaculum?
the round ligament and ligament of the ovary | the govunaculum descended the ovaries in fatal development.
45
suspensory ligament of ovary
fold of peritoneum- non ligament ligament
46
uterine tube
has infundibulum, ampulla and isthmus, then intramural opening into uterus
47
cornua
top of uterus forms quite distinct horns in animals
48
shape of cervix
round shape = haven't given birth | dilation with slit external os = has given birth
49
orientation of uterus
``` version= angle between vagina and cervix flexion= angle between cervix and rest of uterine body ```
50
space around the cervix
posterior fornix is much deeper than the anterior fornix | not much tissue that separated of the inside of the vigana to the inside of the peritoneal cavity
51
relationship of blood supply laterally of cervix to uereter
uterine artery goes on top of the ureter- water under the bridge
52
epithelium of vagina and cervix
``` vagina = stratified squamous epithelium cervix = simple columnar glandular epithelium. also has mucous producing glands, mucous filled cysts ```
53
cervial transformation zone
hormones drive uterine changes with menstrual changes- in cervix acidic environment in the vagina. get a movement in the boundary of the two types of epithelium
54
fascial condensations inside peritoneum
endopelvic fascia- condensations of connective tissue, they primarily attach around the cervix at the bottom of the uterus, not the top because during pregnancy the top of the uterus has to move and grow, so you don't want to anchor that in place. uterosacral ligament, transverse cervical ligament and pubovesical ligament
55
scrotum
testis has double layer of peritoneum (tunica vaginalis) around it- therefore certain amount of movement of testis within the scrotum testis and overlying scrotum have different blood and nerve supplies and different lymphatic drainage
56
cremaster muscle
derived from the internal oblique | draws the testis towards the body
57
dartos muscle
close to the surface of the skin | more akin to muscle of fascial expression- wrinkles the skin
58
seminal vesciel
produce another part of the semen, like the nutrients and energy
59
ejaculatory duct
formed by ductus deferences and the seminal vesicle
60
uvula
projection in the trigone caused by the median lobe of the prostrate (hypertrophy) in older men
61
zones of the prostrate
transition, central, peripheral and anterior
62
prostatic utricle
embryonic remnant of what would have been the uterus in the vagina
63
transitional zone of the prostrate
sits around urethra | where benign protastic hypertrophy occurs
64
peripheral zone of prostrate
extends up back of prostate- can palpate for tumours
65
corpora amylacea
concetion of prostatic fluid
66
tunica albuginea in the penis
covers the corpus cavernous and prevents the leakage of blood
67
blood supply male branches of internal iliac
inferior vesical artery - supply the prostrate, seminal vesicle, internal pudendal- supplies perineal muscles and erectile tissue (dorsal and deep arteries of penis, posterior scrotal arteries) anterior scrotal arteries
68
blood supply female, branches of internal iliac
uterine artery internal pudendal artery ( dorsal and deep arteries of clitoris and posterior labial arteries) anterior labial arteries
69
why do ovarian and uterine artery anastamose
the lymphatic drainage is dependent on the blood supply | both supply uterine tube and upper part of uterus
70
lymphatic drainage of the repro
lymphatic drainage of ovary and testis drains upwards therefore disease passes upwards and internally to the aorta why ovarian and testicular cancer are a problem because they spread lympathic drainage follows the arterial supply
71
scrotum and testis drainage
skin --> superficial inguinal lymph nodes | deep tissues --> deep inguinal and external and internal iliac lymph nodes
72
how might disease spread in the female report system
lymphatic spread along the round ligaments to the superficial inguinal nodes from from the uterus ovaries to the para-aortic nodes
73
nerve supply of the perneum
S2, S3 and S4/5 supply the perineum = sensation to the skin
74
pudendal nerve
``` s2-4 sensation supply the external anal sphincter external urinary sphincter muscles in volved in the sex response runs under/ superficial to the pelvic diaphragm ```
75
nerve to levator ani
s3-5 may come off separately from plexus in the sacrum runs above pelvic diaphragm
76
autonomic nerves of the pelvis
internal anal and urethral sphincter are involuntary derived from the parasympathetic ro sympathetic above the elevator ani is mostly autonomic, but a little bit of somatic supply under the elevator and is innervated by the pudendal nerve with a little autonomic supply
77
nerves pass close to the prostrate
risk in prostatic surgery
78
effect of ageing
uterine and ovarian volume decreases upper rectum contracts, rectal ampulla increases in size position of pelvic floor changes vaginal wall thins, fewer mucosal folds, perineal body smaller, perineum longer pelvic floor muscles thin more adipose tissue
79
sexual response
``` erection = PNS, ingressive blood into erectile tissue emission= SNS, movement of sperm ejaculatory = rhythmic contraction of skeletal muscle = pudendal nerve ```

Anatomy (6 decks)

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