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Anatomy > reproductive system > Flashcards

reproductive system Flashcards

1
Q

function of the reproductive system

A

protect the reproductive organs, parts of urinary and GIT organs
muscular attachments - act as a base for them to work
transmission of body weight

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2
Q

what is above/below the pelvic brim?

A

above is false pelvis, below is true pelvis

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3
Q

what is the perineum?

A

under the outlet, where you get the external genetelia and openings for the reportand urinary system

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4
Q

sexual dimorphism between male and female pelvis

A

pubic angle is more narrow in the male
female pelvis is broader but not as high
obturators foramen is round is male and oval in female
greater sciatic foramen is a J shape in male and L shape in female

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5
Q

effects that pelvic shape may have on the rest of the body

A

female pelvis is wider- the legs start from a wider, so the angle of the knees are different
elbow may also be changed (when you swing your arms)

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6
Q

report differences between male and female

A

male- gonads are external
genitalia are bigger
urinary sphincters are different- separated by the prostrate
urethra is much longer in male
female- gonads/ ovaries are internal
erectile tissue is there but less prominent, but same basic shape
- two openings- creating potential weakness
- nothing between the sphincters

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7
Q

attachments of the sacrospinous ligament

A

sacrum to ischial spine

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8
Q

attachments of the sacrotuberous ligament

A

sacrum to the ischial tuberosity

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9
Q

attachments of the sacroiliac ligament

A

sacrum to the ileum

has anterior and posterior covering the scar-iliac joint

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10
Q

attachment of the ileopectinal ligament

A

from the ileum to the pectineal line

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11
Q

what are the broad/round ligament?

A

condensations of connective tissue that are weaker

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12
Q

why do you have strong sacrotuberous/ sacrospinous ligaments?

A

close a lot of space

the vertebral column and sacrum moe a lot and you don’t want them to separate

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13
Q

similarities between the obturator interns and piriformis muscle

A

bulk of the muscle bodies are inside the pelvis
muscle tendon exits the pelvis either through the greater sciatic foramen or lesser sciatic foramen and attaches to the lower limb where it produces movement of the hip
- closed in other space still present within pelvis

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14
Q

what is part of the pelvic diaphragm,?

A

levator ani and occygeus

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15
Q

levator ani

A

three muscles = puborecatlis, pubococcygeus and ileococcygeus

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16
Q

iliococcygeus function

A

fixes bladder neck, anorectal junction and vaginal fornices in place
functions in urinartion, defecation, uterine elements,
sex response

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17
Q

attachments of pelvis diaphragm

A

has kind of slipped down

attaches to the arches tendinous and attaches to the inside of the obturator interns

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18
Q

ischiococcygeus attachment

A

from ischial spine to the coccyx

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19
Q

iliococcygeus attachment

A

arcus tendineus to the coccyx

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20
Q

urogenital hiatus between male and female

A

in female it is a bigger structure

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21
Q

arcus tendineus

A

from the pubis to the spine
condensation of fascia
pubococcygeus attaches at the front and the ileococcygeus attaches to the back of the arc

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22
Q

pubococcygeus

A

arises from the back of the pubic bone and back of the arc
forms urogenital hiatus
pubourethralis, pubovaginalis, puboprostaticis

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23
Q

puborectalis

A

forms an anorectal sling- important for fatal continence

more superficial than the rest of the pelvic diaphragm

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24
Q

iliococcygeus

A

from the posterior prt of tendinous arc

join in the midline - therefore insert on each other

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25
Q

levator plate

A

anococcygeal ligament- is where the muscle join in the middle . deep ACl is much stronger

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26
Q

straining of pelvis

A

the iliococcygeus is more flat when strained than at rest

push against levator plate- so stop from pushing out e.g. vagina etc.

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27
Q

weak levator ani

A

prolapse and weakness

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28
Q

ishiococcygeus

A

take muscle part off there is the sacrospinous ligament

therefore two coextensive structures - in elderly people the muscle is far less prominent

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29
Q

external anal sphincter

A

made from skeletal muscle
has a subcutaneous, superficial and deep layer
have voluntary control

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30
Q

puborectalis and deep layer of external anal sphinter

A

continous

pelvic diapgrahm and external anal sphincter are linked- need to work in a coordinated manner for defecation to occur

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31
Q

what is in the superficial perineal pouch?

A

erectile tissue and associated muscles

in females = greater vestibular glands

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32
Q

erectile tissue females

A

clitoris and bulbs of vestibule

33
Q

posterior join labia majora

A

fourchette

34
Q

opening of duct of parautheral gland

A

equivalent of the prostrate

35
Q

opening on f the greater vestibular gland

A

equivalent to bulbourethral gland

36
Q

scrotum

A

fusion of labia majora

37
Q

differences between male and female

A

male= one opening of urethral opening
bulbourethral glands in the deep pouch
female= two opening
greater vestibular glands in the superficial pouch

38
Q

perineal membrane attachments

A

to the rami of the pubs and ischium

39
Q

external urethral sphincter in females

A

has compressor urethrae

40
Q

deep transverse perineal muscle

A

is smooth muscle in females- distend during child birth

is skeletal muscle in men

41
Q

perineal body

A

important attachment site of perineal muscles
has smooth muscle, elastic tissue
capable of massive distension during childbirth

42
Q

what does the relation of the gonad have to do with the peritoneum?

A

in both genders they start up near the kidneys retroperitoneally and they descend down either into pelvis or scrotum
as testis moves it takes the peritoneum with it
ovary is still within the peritoneal cavity- so is completely covered with peritoneum (which is broken overtime ovulation occurs)

43
Q

what is part of the broad ligament?

A

mesometrium - next to uterus mesosalpinx- next to tube and the mesovarium - next to ovary

44
Q

what are remnant of the govunaculum?

A

the round ligament and ligament of the ovary

the govunaculum descended the ovaries in fatal development.

45
Q

suspensory ligament of ovary

A

fold of peritoneum- non ligament ligament

46
Q

uterine tube

A

has infundibulum, ampulla and isthmus, then intramural opening into uterus

47
Q

cornua

A

top of uterus forms quite distinct horns in animals

48
Q

shape of cervix

A

round shape = haven’t given birth

dilation with slit external os = has given birth

49
Q

orientation of uterus

A 
version= angle between vagina and cervix
flexion= angle between cervix and rest of uterine body
50
Q

space around the cervix

A

posterior fornix is much deeper than the anterior fornix

not much tissue that separated of the inside of the vigana to the inside of the peritoneal cavity

51
Q

relationship of blood supply laterally of cervix to uereter

A

uterine artery goes on top of the ureter- water under the bridge

52
Q

epithelium of vagina and cervix

A 
vagina = stratified squamous epithelium 
cervix  = simple columnar glandular epithelium. also has mucous producing glands, mucous filled cysts
53
Q

cervial transformation zone

A

hormones drive uterine changes with menstrual changes- in cervix
acidic environment in the vagina. get a movement in the boundary of the two types of epithelium

54
Q

fascial condensations inside peritoneum

A

endopelvic fascia- condensations of connective tissue, they primarily attach around the cervix at the bottom of the uterus, not the top because during pregnancy the top of the uterus has to move and grow, so you don’t want to anchor that in place.
uterosacral ligament, transverse cervical ligament and pubovesical ligament

55
Q

scrotum

A

testis has double layer of peritoneum (tunica vaginalis) around it- therefore certain amount of movement of testis within the scrotum

testis and overlying scrotum have different blood and nerve supplies and different lymphatic drainage

56
Q

cremaster muscle

A

derived from the internal oblique

draws the testis towards the body

57
Q

dartos muscle

A

close to the surface of the skin

more akin to muscle of fascial expression- wrinkles the skin

58
Q

seminal vesciel

A

produce another part of the semen, like the nutrients and energy

59
Q

ejaculatory duct

A

formed by ductus deferences and the seminal vesicle

60
Q

uvula

A

projection in the trigone caused by the median lobe of the prostrate (hypertrophy) in older men

61
Q

zones of the prostrate

A

transition, central, peripheral and anterior

62
Q

prostatic utricle

A

embryonic remnant of what would have been the uterus in the vagina

63
Q

transitional zone of the prostrate

A

sits around urethra

where benign protastic hypertrophy occurs

64
Q

peripheral zone of prostrate

A

extends up back of prostate- can palpate for tumours

65
Q

corpora amylacea

A

concetion of prostatic fluid

66
Q

tunica albuginea in the penis

A

covers the corpus cavernous and prevents the leakage of blood

67
Q

blood supply male branches of internal iliac

A

inferior vesical artery - supply the prostrate, seminal vesicle,
internal pudendal- supplies perineal muscles and erectile tissue (dorsal and deep arteries of penis, posterior scrotal arteries)
anterior scrotal arteries

68
Q

blood supply female, branches of internal iliac

A

uterine artery
internal pudendal artery ( dorsal and deep arteries of clitoris and posterior labial arteries)
anterior labial arteries

69
Q

why do ovarian and uterine artery anastamose

A

the lymphatic drainage is dependent on the blood supply

both supply uterine tube and upper part of uterus

70
Q

lymphatic drainage of the repro

A

lymphatic drainage of ovary and testis drains upwards
therefore disease passes upwards and internally to the aorta
why ovarian and testicular cancer are a problem because they spread
lympathic drainage follows the arterial supply

71
Q

scrotum and testis drainage

A

skin –> superficial inguinal lymph nodes

deep tissues –> deep inguinal and external and internal iliac lymph nodes

72
Q

how might disease spread in the female report system

A

lymphatic spread along the round ligaments to the superficial inguinal nodes from from the uterus
ovaries to the para-aortic nodes

73
Q

nerve supply of the perneum

A

S2, S3 and S4/5 supply the perineum = sensation to the skin

74
Q

pudendal nerve

A 
s2-4
sensation 
supply the external anal sphincter
external urinary sphincter
muscles in volved in the sex response 
runs under/ superficial to the pelvic diaphragm
75
Q

nerve to levator ani

A

s3-5
may come off separately from plexus in the sacrum
runs above pelvic diaphragm

76
Q

autonomic nerves of the pelvis

A

internal anal and urethral sphincter are involuntary
derived from the parasympathetic ro sympathetic
above the elevator ani is mostly autonomic, but a little bit of somatic supply
under the elevator and is innervated by the pudendal nerve with a little autonomic supply

77
Q

nerves pass close to the prostrate

A

risk in prostatic surgery

78
Q

effect of ageing

A

uterine and ovarian volume decreases
upper rectum contracts, rectal ampulla increases in size
position of pelvic floor changes
vaginal wall thins, fewer mucosal folds,
perineal body smaller, perineum longer
pelvic floor muscles thin
more adipose tissue

79
Q

sexual response

A 
erection = PNS, ingressive blood into erectile tissue
emission= SNS, movement of sperm 
ejaculatory = rhythmic contraction of skeletal muscle = pudendal nerve

Anatomy (6 decks)

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