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Anatomy > Digestive system > Flashcards

Digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

peritoneal relationship of LI

A

ascending colon, descending colon and rectum are retroperitoneal
appendix, transverse colon, sigmoid colon are intraperitoneal
caecum is variable

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2
Q

distinguishing features of the large intestine

A

semilunar plicae –> internal mucosal folds that are not complete circular.

haustra –> one haustrum is bordered by two neighbouring semilunar plicae, because tania are shorter than the length of the large intestine giving rise to sacculations

tenia coli –> 3 band like structures compose of segregated outer longitudinal muscular layer

epiploic appendages –> fat filled peritoneum projecting from right and left borders of the free tania. are more common in transverse and sigmoid colon

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3
Q

tenia coli

A

mesenteric tenia : attached to mesentery
mental ténia : attached to greater momentum
Free tania: is free from any attachment (epiploic appendages attach on its right and left borders)

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4
Q

function of the large intestine

A

reabsorb water and electrolytes and create solid waste

ascending and transverse = involved in reabsorption of water and electrolytes = processing units

descending and sigmoid colon = involved in storage of faeces = storage units

rectum and anu = involved in elimination of faces = elimination units

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5
Q

blood supply of colon and superior rectum

A

appendix, caecum, ascending and transverse colon = superior mesenteric artery and vain

descending and sigmoid colon = inferior artery and vein

superior part of the rectum = superior rectal artery and vein

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6
Q

nerve supply of colon

A

midgut :
SNS = superior mesenteric ganglia and lesser splanchnic nerve
PNS = vagus nerve

hind gut
SNS = inferior mesenteric ganglia and lumbar splanchnic nerve
PNS = pelvic splanchnic nerve

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7
Q

histology of large intestine

A

goblet cells that produce mucous; helps to transport solid content
few absorptive cells (enterocytes) and villi than SI
has straight glands

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8
Q

Rectum

A

begins at S3 and is bout 12 cm long
peritoneum covers the anterior and lateral walls of the superior 1/3 of the rectum
remainder of the rectum is retroperitoneal

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9
Q

transverse folds of rectum

A

support the weight of the rectal content and lessen the urge for defecation

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10
Q

border between the rectum and anal canal

A

anorectal line (upper level of the pelvic diaphragm

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11
Q

line that divides the upper and lower anal canal

A

pectinate (dentate) line

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12
Q

upper anal canal

A

gut derivative (endoderm) and is covered by simple columnar epithelium

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13
Q

lower anal canal

A

ectodermal derivative, covered by stratified squamous epithelium

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14
Q

bloodd supply of the rectum

A

superior part of the rectum (hindgut) = superior rectal artery (branch of inferior mesenteric artery)

lower part of the rectum develop from the cloaca = middle and inferior rectal arteries (branches of bilateral internal iliac arteries

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15
Q

endocrine glands of pancrea

A

pancreatic islets = islets of langerhans

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16
Q

liver secretion

A

produces bile and drains the bile via bile duct into the mucousal surface of the duodenum

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17
Q

pancreas secretion

A

produces digestive pancreatic juice and drains the juice via pancreatic duct into the duodenum

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18
Q

liver function

A

produces and stores bile, plasma proteins, and anticoagulant substances
is involved in a variety of metabolic activities of nutrients
detoxifies harmful agents

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19
Q

falciform ligament

A

attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall

splits cranially into right and left coronary ligaments

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20
Q

round ligament

A

previous umbilical vein is located at the caudal margin of falciform ligament

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21
Q

covering of liver

A

visceral peritoneum = intraperitoneal

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22
Q

coronary ligament of liver

A

formed at the reflection site of the visceral peritoneum fro the liver to the diaphragm
completely surrounds the bare area

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23
Q

four lobes of the liver

A

right lobe, left lobe, caudate lobe and quadrate lobe

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24
Q

what separates the caudate and quadrate lobe?

A

porta hepatis

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25
Q

where is gall bladder located?

A

between quadrate and right lobe

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26
Q

what is the ports hepatis?

A

attachment site of the lesser momentum

blood vessels and nerves enter into the liver via ports hepatis

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27
Q

lesser omentum

A

spans between the liver and the lesser curvature of the stomach (hepatogastric ligament)
spans between the liver and the duodenum (hepatoduodenal ligament

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28
Q

hepatoduodenal ligament

A

hepatic triad

contains the bile duct, portal vein and hepatic artery proper

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29
Q

fetal circulation of liver

A

has ductus venosus of umbilical vein and umbilical vein so that umbilical blood can bypass the liver

umbilical vein becomes the ligamentum teres
ductus venous becomes ligamentum venosum

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30
Q

where does liver receive its blood supply from?

A

portal vein = oxygen poor and nutrient rich from the intestines

hepatic artery proper from cell trunk
= oxygen rich

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31
Q

gall bladder function

A

stores concentrated bile

has a cystic duct with spiral valve

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32
Q

blood supply to the gall bladder

A

cystic artery in the cystohepatic triangle of calot

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33
Q

histology of liver

A

venous blood from portal vein and arterial blood from hepatic artery mix at the liver capillaries (sinusoids)
direction of blood flow and bile flow are inverse

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34
Q

liver lobe

A

hexagonal shape
functional unit of the liver
separated from other lobules by connective tissue
composed of hepatocyte plates, a central vein and liver sinusoids

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35
Q

perisinusoidal space

A

(Disse)
portal triads contain a vein, artery and bile duct
kupffer cells (macrophages) are found in liver sinusoids
space between liver cells and sinusoids are filled with blood plasma that has leaked from the sinusoids
contain stellate cells that store fat and vitamin A

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36
Q

Pancreas features

A

retroperitoneal
pancreatic enzymes
pancreatic juice also contains sodium bicarbonate which neutralised the stomach acid present in chyme
hormones insulin and glucagon regulate blood glucose levels and are secreted into the blood stream to enter hepatic portal system

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37
Q

five parts of pancreas

A

uncinate process, head, neck, body and tail

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38
Q

pancreatic ducts

A

major pancreatic duct runs the entire length of pancreas, joins bile duct at major duodenal papilla

accessory pancreatic duct enters the duodenum separately into minor duodenal papillae

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39
Q

histology of the pancrea

A

acinus = exocrine part

islets of langerhans = endocrine part

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40
Q

origin of pancreas

A

2 buds

2 pancreatic duct: accessory duct and main duct

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41
Q

blood supply of the pancreas

A

celiac trunk
- splenic artery and gasproduodenal artery
superior mesenteric artery
- inferior gastroduodenal artery

superior and inferior pancreaticoduodenal veins

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42
Q

innervation of liver and pancrea

A 
SNS = greater splanchnic nerves and celiac ganglia 
PNS = vagus
43
Q

venous outflow of liver

A

hepatic portal vein is formed by superior mesenteric and splenic veins. the inferior mesenteric vein drains into the splenic vein
hepatic portal veins drains only unpaired organs

44
Q

portocaval anastomoses

A

obstruction causes portal hypertension, blood backs up through the portal system, eventually pac through the portocaval anastomoses . they are not able to cope with large amounts of blood and become congested- varicose veins

45
Q

four collateral pathways possible in GI tract

A

umbilical, oesophageal, anorectal, retroperitoneal

46
Q

daily inflow into GIT

A

8 litres

47
Q

daily reabsorption though GIT

A 
SI = 6 L
LI = 1.5L 92L enters)
48
Q

division of the digestive system

A
  1. digestive tract
    - upper = mouth to duodenum
    - lower = jejunum to anus
  2. accessory digestive organs
    - glands, teeth and tongue
49
Q

four major layers of the gut tube wall

A
  1. mucosa
    - epithelial lining, lamina propria, muscularis mucosa
  2. submucosa
  3. muscular externa
    - circular inner layer
    - long. outer layer
  4. series
50
Q

mesenteries of the foregut vs midgut and hindgut

A

foregut = ventral and dorsal mesenteries

midgut and handgun = dorsal mesentery only

51
Q

cranial foregut

A

between oropharyngeal membrane and lung bud

formed by the pharyngeal arches and gives rise to the pharynx

52
Q

caudal foregut

A

from the lung bud to the liver bud
thoracic part become the trachea, lung and oesophagus
abdominal part forms the stomach, superior duodenum, liver, gall bladder and pancreas

53
Q

midgut

A

from the liveried to the 1/3rd of transverse colon

54
Q

esophagus

A

attached with the hypo pharynx at the level of C6 to with stomach at T10

55
Q

structure of the topography of the esophagus

A

longitudinal folds

56
Q

three oesophageal constrictions

A

cricoid cartilage- C6
bifurcation of the trachea- T4
diaphragm at oesophageal hiatus T10

57
Q

microstructure of the esophagus

A

stratified squamous epithelium
oesophageal glands secrete lubricant
muscular externa = upper 1/3 is skeletal, lower 2/3 is smooth muscle
lacks serosa- adventitia instead

58
Q

oesophageal veins

A

cervical - inferior thyroid veins
thoracic- azygous and hemiazygous veins
abdominal part- left gastric veins

59
Q

nerve supply of esophagus

A

intramural- submucosal and myenteric plexus
PNS- vagus nerves
SNS- sympathetic chain

60
Q

achalasia

A

motor disorder of the oesophagus characterised by absence of peristalsis and impaired relaxation of the lower oesophageal sphincter

61
Q

four parts of the stomach

A

cardia, funds, body and pyloric region

62
Q

chemical digestion in the stomach

A

via acids and enzymes- Hcl and pepsin

little absorption of nutrients

63
Q

greater and lesser omentum

A

lesser- attaches at the lesser curvature to the liver

greater- attache tot eh greater curvature and pancreas

64
Q

cells in stomach wall

A

parietal cells- produce Hcl
chief cells- produce pepsin
surface mucous cells produce mucous

65
Q

morphogenesis of the stomach

A

ventral wall and mesentery grows slower giving rise to lesser curvature
dorsal wall grows faster giving rise to the greater curvature
stomach rates around its axis 90o clockwise
left stomach becomes ventral surface supplied by left vagus nerve
right stomach becomes dorsal surface supplied by right vagus nerve

66
Q

what does the falciform ligament contain?

A

umbilical vein that becomes the ligamentum teres

67
Q

what foes the lesser omentum contain?

A

vessels of the liver- portal triad

68
Q

what does the gastrosplenic ligament contain?

A

blood vessels of the stomach that branch from splenic vessels

69
Q

what does the splenorenal ligament contain?

A

splenic artery and vein

70
Q

what 4 ligaments does the spleen divide the dorsal mesogastrium into?

A

gastrophrenic,

gastrosplenic, splenorenal and greater omentum

71
Q

artery supply of stomach

A

left gastric artery from celiac trunk
right gastric artery from hepatic artery proper
left gastro-mental artery from the splenic artery
right gastro-mental artery from the gastro-duodenal artery

72
Q

supply of the funds of stomach

A

from th short and posterior gastric arteries, branches of the splenic arteries

73
Q

venous drainage of the stomach

A

left and right gastric vein, left and right gastro-mental veins

74
Q

gastric innervation

A

intrinsic- submucosal and myenteries
PNS- vagus nerves
sympathetic- greater splanchnic nerves

75
Q

4 parts of duodenum

A

superior, descending, horiztonal and ascending

76
Q

function of duodenum

A

neutralises acids of chyme from stomach

77
Q

superior duodenum ligament

A

hepatoduodenal ligament

78
Q

duodenojejunal flexure

A

where duodenum is continuous with the jejunum

supported by the ligament of treitz

79
Q

ligament of treitz

A

fold containing the suspensory muscle of the duodenum

80
Q

blood supply of the duodenum

A

celiac trunk- Branches of the gasproduodenal artery :superior pancreaticoduodenal artery
superior mesenteric artery: inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery

81
Q

drainage of the duodenum

A

superior and inferior pancreaticoduodenal veins

82
Q

ileum

A

has meckels diverticulum which is located in the distal ileum, around 60-100cm oral wards from the ileocecal valves
has peters patches in the terminal ileum

83
Q

functional anatomy of the SI

A

has circular folds- valves of kerckring
has finger like intestinal villi
contains microvilli

84
Q

circular folds

A

plicae circulars
increase SA and slow the passage of food
duplications of the mucous membrane
unlike the folds in the stomachs and LI they are permanent structures
appear more prominently in the duodenum and jejunum

85
Q

microvilli

A

mucosa cells- lined by goblet and enterocytes
mikrovilli- located on the luminal surface of the enterocytes
lacteals- terminal lymphatic vessels in villi and transport fat metabolites and glucose whereas blood vessels in villi transport protein metabolites

86
Q

density of veins in the GIT

A

most dense in the SI —> LI —> stomach

87
Q

histology of SI

A

goblet cells
enterocytes
paneth cells
lymph nodes

88
Q

paneth cells

A

located in crypts and are part of mucosal defence system

89
Q

lymph nodules

A

located in mucosa for purposes of defence

90
Q

enterocytes

A

most abundant cells in SI and LI

absorptive cells and contain microvilli on their apical surface

91
Q

muscles of the anterolateral and posetior abdomen

A

anterolateral:
internal oblique, external oblique, transversus abdominus and rectus abdominus
posterior: posts major and minor, quadrates lumborum and ilacus

92
Q

rectus sheath

A

contains anterior and posterior lamina

below the arcuate line there is no posterior lamina

93
Q

between the rectus abdominis

A

tendinous intersections

94
Q

umbilical folds

A

median umbilical fold contains the remanent of the urachus

medial umbilical fold contains the remnants of the umbilical arteries

lateral umbilical folds contain the inferior epigastric vessels

95
Q

three types of peritoneal folds

A
  1. mesenteries- planar double layered fold of peritoneum that provide physical attachment to organs that are suspended into body cavities
    omen- double layered fold of peritoneum, have a net-like structure and connect the stomach to other organs
    ligaments- frequently connect organs with eachother; hence each momentum can be divided into several ligaments
96
Q

lesser sac

A

superior wall: diaphragm and caudate lobe of liver
anterior wall= lesser momentum, posterior wall of stomach, anterior part of greater momentum
posterior wall= posterior part of greater momentum, transverse mesocolon, pancreas
left wall= spleen
right wall = liver and epiploic foramen

97
Q

greater sac

A

extends from the diaphragm down to its lowest part in the pelvis (douglas pouch)

98
Q

how do the greater and lesser sac communicate

A

through the mental foramen

99
Q

fusion of different layers of the dorsal mesentery

A

the mental bursa decreases in size because the greater omentum fuses

100
Q

supramesocolic compartment

A

contains the upper digestive organs

transverse mesocolon is the boundary

101
Q

inframesocoloic compartment

A

contains the lower digestive organs

102
Q

recesses within the supramesocolic compartment

A

subphrenic space- gap between the diaphragm and liver, divided by the falciform ligament
sub hepatic space - gap between the liver and right kidney

103
Q

gutters

A

right parabolic gutter freely cominucates with the right supramesocolic spaces

phrenjicocolic ligament forms a partial barrier between the left parabolic gutter and the left supramesocolic space

104
Q

movement of fluid within the inframesocolic spaces

A

within the right inframesocolic space is restricted inferiorly by the ileocaecal junction
fluid in the larger left inframesocolic space can flow into the pelvic cavity

Anatomy (6 decks)

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