gross pathology Flashcards
chron’s disease
the red arrow is a stricture which is a narrowing of the bowel lumen
chron’s disease
the star representes transmural inflammation of the bowel wall
characteristics of chrons disease
cn have a transmural inflammation of the bowel wall, strictures and fistula formation (abnormal connections between two epithelial surfaces)
can effect any aprt of the GIT
granuloma formation
assocaited risks with chrons disease
increased risk of developing colorectal cancer
bowel infarction
transmural inflammation with darkened discolouration of the bowel wall
causes of bowel infarction
adhesions causing an obstruction, hernia strangulation, mesenteric artery or vein thombosis/embolism and volvulus (twisting of bowel)
symptomes of bowel infarction
severe abdominal pain, nausea and bloody stools
patient can die from septic shock
diverticulitis
diverticula of the colon. out pouchings of the layers of the bowel wall. occur most commonly in the sigmoid colon
causes of diverticulitis
low fibre diet and chornic constipation
symptoms of the diverticulitis
left iliac fossa pain
complications of diverticulitis
intestinal bleeding, fistula formation, bowel perforation, peritoneal infection or bowel obstruction due to post inflammatory strictures
colon adenocarcinoma
blue stars = dysplatic adenomalous polyps
red stars = annular and fungating in lumen
microscopic features of colon adenocarcinoma
cells show pleiomorphism
results of colon adenocarcnimoa
luminal narrowing which can progress to bowel obstruction
in caecal cancer= anemia rather than bowel obstruction due to large caecal lumen
tumor progression of colon adenocarcinoma
based on the size of the cacner, its depth of invasion into the lumen, lymph nodes involved and presence of metastases
symptoms of colon adenocarcinoma
blood in stool, tiredness and weightloss
risk factors of colon adenocarincinoma
increased age, family history, alcohol intake and obesity
acute appendicitis
red stars show where hardened faeces calcify and form stones (faecoliths) impacting inside the appendical luman and obstructing it
complications of acute appendicitis
can cause gangrene and perforation due to the obstructed appendix and its dilation
perforated appendix can result in peritoneal infection and septic shock
acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis
red stars = pale areas of enzymatic fat necrosis
blue stars = dark patches of haemorrhage
sypmtoms of pancreatitis
severe epigastric pain and nausea
causes of pancreatitist
gall stones in bile duct, alcoholism, trauma, various metabolism and autoimmune conditions
microscopic characteristics of pancreatitis
calcifciation, wide spread cell death, lobular oedema, inflammatory infiltrate around the ducts
complications of pancraetitis
retroperitoneal bleeding, diabetes, pseudocyst formation, multiple organ failure and shock
cirrhoris
red stars = replacement of functional hepatocytes with non-functional fibrotic areas and regenerative nodules
may be smaller than normal livers
causes of cirrhoris
alcoholism, viral hepatitis infection, obesity cuasing steatosis (fatty liver) and various genetic conditions
comlications of cirrhoris
bleeding oesophageal varices (due to portal congestion), splenomegaly (enlarged spleen), asates (fluid in abdomen), hepatic encephalopathy (confusion due to increase ammonia), kidney fialure, hemorrhoids and liver cancer
metasases of liver/ secondary liver cancer
livers tend to be larger due to uninterupted cellular growth
spread of secondary liver cancer
vasculature of lymphatic
adult polycystic kidney disease
blue stars = cysts that are dark due to haemorrhage
replacement of functional kidney tissue with non-functional fluid filled cysts
complications of adult polycystic kidney disease
lead to early renal failure
increases the risk of developing berry aneurysms in cerebral vasculature
renal infarction
red stars = pale peripheral based triangular areas caused by segmental renal artery thrmobosis, arterial injury or systemic thromboembolism
in chronic phase, these areas shrink, resulting in capsular contraction and renal cortical fibrosis
sypmtoms of renal infarction
flank pain and blood in urine
benign prostatic hyperplasia
enlarged gland compresses and narrows the prostatic segment of the urthra resulting in chronic bladder outlet obstruction.
complications of benign prostatic hyperplasia
causes bladder wall thickening, trabeculation bladder diverticulum formation and possibly hydroureter (dilation of ureters due to backflow of urine)
symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia
difficulty urinating
uterine leimyoma - fibroids
benign tumours of smooth muscle extending from the uterine layers.
smooth, well circumscribed appearance and do not invade into surrounding tissue
can be submucosal (red star), mural (blue star) or subserosal (red stars) or pedunculated (stalk which predisposes to torsion or twisting)
symptoms of uterine leiomyoma
can be asyptomatic or chronic pelvic pain, heavy periods and excessive urination
can cause infertility
