gross pathology

Question 1

Answer 1

chron’s disease

the red arrow is a stricture which is a narrowing of the bowel lumen

Question 2

Answer 2

chron’s disease

the star representes transmural inflammation of the bowel wall

Question 3

characteristics of chrons disease

Answer 3

cn have a transmural inflammation of the bowel wall, strictures and fistula formation (abnormal connections between two epithelial surfaces)

can effect any aprt of the GIT

granuloma formation

Question 4

assocaited risks with chrons disease

Answer 4

increased risk of developing colorectal cancer

Question 5

Answer 5

bowel infarction

transmural inflammation with darkened discolouration of the bowel wall

Question 6

causes of bowel infarction

Answer 6

adhesions causing an obstruction, hernia strangulation, mesenteric artery or vein thombosis/embolism and volvulus (twisting of bowel)

Question 7

symptomes of bowel infarction

Answer 7

severe abdominal pain, nausea and bloody stools

patient can die from septic shock

Question 8

Answer 8

diverticulitis

diverticula of the colon. out pouchings of the layers of the bowel wall. occur most commonly in the sigmoid colon

Question 9

causes of diverticulitis

Answer 9

low fibre diet and chornic constipation

Question 10

symptoms of the diverticulitis

Answer 10

left iliac fossa pain

Question 11

complications of diverticulitis

Answer 11

intestinal bleeding, fistula formation, bowel perforation, peritoneal infection or bowel obstruction due to post inflammatory strictures

Question 12

Answer 12

colon adenocarcinoma

blue stars = dysplatic adenomalous polyps

red stars = annular and fungating in lumen

Question 13

microscopic features of colon adenocarcinoma

Answer 13

cells show pleiomorphism

Question 14

results of colon adenocarcnimoa

Answer 14

luminal narrowing which can progress to bowel obstruction

in caecal cancer= anemia rather than bowel obstruction due to large caecal lumen

Question 15

tumor progression of colon adenocarcinoma

Answer 15

based on the size of the cacner, its depth of invasion into the lumen, lymph nodes involved and presence of metastases

Question 16

symptoms of colon adenocarcinoma

Answer 16

blood in stool, tiredness and weightloss

Question 17

risk factors of colon adenocarincinoma

Answer 17

increased age, family history, alcohol intake and obesity

Question 18

Answer 18

acute appendicitis

red stars show where hardened faeces calcify and form stones (faecoliths) impacting inside the appendical luman and obstructing it

Question 19

complications of acute appendicitis

Answer 19

can cause gangrene and perforation due to the obstructed appendix and its dilation

perforated appendix can result in peritoneal infection and septic shock

Question 20

Answer 20

acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis

red stars = pale areas of enzymatic fat necrosis

blue stars = dark patches of haemorrhage

Question 21

sypmtoms of pancreatitis

Answer 21

severe epigastric pain and nausea

Question 22

causes of pancreatitist

Answer 22

gall stones in bile duct, alcoholism, trauma, various metabolism and autoimmune conditions

Question 23

microscopic characteristics of pancreatitis

Answer 23

calcifciation, wide spread cell death, lobular oedema, inflammatory infiltrate around the ducts

Question 24

complications of pancraetitis

Answer 24

retroperitoneal bleeding, diabetes, pseudocyst formation, multiple organ failure and shock

Question 25

Answer 25

cirrhoris

red stars = replacement of functional hepatocytes with non-functional fibrotic areas and regenerative nodules

may be smaller than normal livers

Question 26

causes of cirrhoris

Answer 26

alcoholism, viral hepatitis infection, obesity cuasing steatosis (fatty liver) and various genetic conditions

Question 27

comlications of cirrhoris

Answer 27

bleeding oesophageal varices (due to portal congestion), splenomegaly (enlarged spleen), asates (fluid in abdomen), hepatic encephalopathy (confusion due to increase ammonia), kidney fialure, hemorrhoids and liver cancer

Question 28

Answer 28

metasases of liver/ secondary liver cancer

livers tend to be larger due to uninterupted cellular growth

Question 29

spread of secondary liver cancer

Answer 29

vasculature of lymphatic

Question 30

Answer 30

adult polycystic kidney disease

blue stars = cysts that are dark due to haemorrhage

replacement of functional kidney tissue with non-functional fluid filled cysts

Question 31

complications of adult polycystic kidney disease

Answer 31

lead to early renal failure

increases the risk of developing berry aneurysms in cerebral vasculature

Question 32

Answer 32

renal infarction

red stars = pale peripheral based triangular areas caused by segmental renal artery thrmobosis, arterial injury or systemic thromboembolism

in chronic phase, these areas shrink, resulting in capsular contraction and renal cortical fibrosis

Question 33

sypmtoms of renal infarction

Answer 33

flank pain and blood in urine

Question 34

Answer 34

benign prostatic hyperplasia

enlarged gland compresses and narrows the prostatic segment of the urthra resulting in chronic bladder outlet obstruction.

Question 35

complications of benign prostatic hyperplasia

Answer 35

causes bladder wall thickening, trabeculation bladder diverticulum formation and possibly hydroureter (dilation of ureters due to backflow of urine)

Question 36

symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia

Answer 36

difficulty urinating

Question 37

Answer 37

uterine leimyoma - fibroids

benign tumours of smooth muscle extending from the uterine layers.

smooth, well circumscribed appearance and do not invade into surrounding tissue

can be submucosal (red star), mural (blue star) or subserosal (red stars) or pedunculated (stalk which predisposes to torsion or twisting)

Question 38

symptoms of uterine leiomyoma

Answer 38

can be asyptomatic or chronic pelvic pain, heavy periods and excessive urination

can cause infertility