Reproductive System Flashcards
1
Q
What are the essential organs for the female reproductive system?
A
ovaries
2
Q
Where are ovaries located?
A
in posterior pelvis at the end of the fallopian tubes, bilaterally
3
Q
Which hormones do the ovaries produce?
A
estrogen & progesterone
4
Q
Ovaries contain what kind of cells?
A
follicle cells
5
Q
What are inside of the follicle cells?
A
oocytes (eggs)
6
Q
What are fimbriae?
A
finger-like projections at the end of fallopian tubes that massage ovaries to stimulate release of egg
7
Q
What is the broad ligament?
A
a fascia that seperates the uterus from the bladder
8
Q
What are the 3 layers of the uterus?
A
perimetrium: peritoneal fascia covering, outer layer
Myometrium: muscular middle layer
Endometrium: innermost layer, made up of epithelial tissue
9
Q
What is the purpose of the mucous secreted by the cervix?
A
help transport sperm into the uterus
10
Q
What is the vaginal vault?
A
where the vagina meets the cervix
11
Q
Where are skenes glands located & what do they secrete?
A
located on either side of the urethral opening, secrete lubrication. (comparable to male prostate)
12
Q
Where are Bartholin’s glands located & what do they secrete?
A
Located on each side of the vaginal opening, secrete mucous needed for lubrication.
13
Q
What are the essential organs of the male reproductive system?
A
the testes
14
Q
Which pediatric illness do you question males for?
A
mumps, b/c it can cause sterility
15
Q
Which pediatric illness do you question females for?
A
rubella, b/c can cause congenital defects during 1st trimester
16
Q
What do pregnancy tests measure?
A
HCG levels
17
Q
What is a colposcopy?
A
visualization of cervix with a lighted scope
18
Q
What is culdoscopy?
A
lighted scope inserted transvaginally used to visualize cervix, uterus, ovaries & tubes
19
Q
What is epispadias?
A
congenital disorder, urethra is located on dorsal (top) side of penis
20
Q
What is hypospadias?
A
congenital disorder, urethra located on ventral (bottom) side of penis
21
Q
What is phimosis?
A
constriction of the foreskin, cannot be retracted
22
Q
What is paraphimosis?
A
edema of retracted foreskin, cannot pull back over flans.
23
Q
What is posthitis?
A
inflammation of the foreskin
24
Q
What is balanitis?
A
inflammation of the glans penis
25
What is priapism?
uncontrolled, long-maintained erection that occurs w o any sexual desire. compromises blood & urine flown = Medical Emergency.
26
What are Sx of epididymitis?
severe edema of scrotum, fever, warmth & "duck walk"
27
What is Tx for epididymitis?
ABX, bedrest, scrotal elevation, ice & pain meds
28
What is orchitis?
inflammation of the testicles
29
How do you differentiate between a hydrocele/spermatocele & testicular CA?
transillumination
30
What is a hydrocele?
painless collection of clear fluid anywhere along the spermatic cord.
31
What is the primary cause of a hydrocele?
interference of lymphatic drainage
32
What is a varicocele?
abnormal dilation of veins that drain the testes.
33
Why are left sided vericoceles more common?
b/c of retrograde blood flow from the renal vein.
34
what is a spermatocele?
a sperm-filled cyst on the epididymis
35
What is testicular torsion?
twisting of the spermatic cord, occurs most commonly around puberty after physical activity.
36
What are symptoms of testicular torsion?
PAIN (radiates to groin), tenderness, N&V, edema, absent cremasteric relex
37
What is a cremasteric reflex?
if you stroke inner thigh downward testicles will retract
38
How do you Tx testicular torsion?
narcotics will cause relaxation & twisting will usually resolve itself, otherwise surgery is required.
39
What is the least aggressive/most common testicular CA?
seminomas
40
What is the rarest/most aggressive type of testicular CA?
nonseminomas
41
What are the Sx of testicular CA?
painless enlargement of testicle. May be palpable mass, CANNOT TRANSILLUMINATE!
42
What blood serum levels will be elevated with testicular CA?
Alpha Feta Protein AFP & HCG (not specific for CA)
43
What is Tx for testicular CA?
```
radical orchiectomy (remove testicles & regional lymph nodes)
very receptive to chemo
```
44
What is primary ED?
| What is secondary ED?
```
Primary = never experienced an erection
Secondary = no longer able to attain an erection, or only under certain conditions
```
45
What are classes of ED?
```
organic = gradual deterioration in function (usually medical)
Functional = psychological (still have erections during sleep)
```
46
Tx of ED:
PDE-5 inhibitors (viagra, cialis)
S/E = priapism
penis pumps, penile injections, penile implants
47
What is Primary dysmenorrhea? Secondary?
```
Primary = no pathology or evidence to support pain
Secondary = organic, medical cause (ie fibroids, PID, endometriosis
```
48
How is dysmenorrhea Tx?
prostaglandin inhibitors (motrin, ibuprofen, advil), Oral contraceptives (hormone manipulation)
49
What is amenorrhea?
failure to menstruate before age 16, or cessation for more than 6 mo after they have been established
50
What is menorrhagia?
excessive bleeding at time of menses
51
What is metrorrhagia?
intramenstrual bleeding
52
What is mittleschmerz?
time when ovulation occurs
53
What is the Climacteric phase?
period of time when women go from reproductive to non-reproductive
54
What is perimenopause?
period of time from first sign of menopause to complete cessation of menses, 1 full year after last period
55
Postmenopause?
one year post last period
56
What causes menopause?
a decline in estrogen (b/c of decreasing # of maturing ovarian follicles & ovaries less responsive to pituitary hormones)
57
What are some physical changes associated with a decrease in estrogen?
```
endometrium & myometrium atrophy
labia majora flatten
vaginal mucosa thins
cervical secretions decrease (vaginal dryness)
Pelvic muscle tone weakens
breasts lose elasticity
```
58
Clinical manifestations of decreased estrogen?
```
dyspareunia (painful intercourse)
vaginal dryness
irregular vaginal bleeding
weight changes
hot flashes
osteoporosis
joint pain
```
59
How do you Dx menopause?
Low estrogen levels
| High FSH & LH levels (over compensation from pituitary b/ ovaries less sensitive)
60
Do women who have undergone a hysterectomy still require progesterone therapy? Why?
no!
| b/c progesterone is what stimulates the shedding of the endometrium, if no uterus, no endometrium
61
What is leukorrhea?
it is a normal, nonbloody, asymptomatic vaginal discharge, secreted by endocervical glands to keep vaginal mucous membranes moist
62
What is monilial vaginits?
a yeast infection
63
what are symptoms of yeast infection?
pruritis, thick, white curdy odorous discharge
| bright red swollen vagina & vulva
64
What is trichomoniasis?
an infection of the paraurethral glands in men or women caused by a protozoan
65
what are Sx of trichomoniasis?
profuse thin frothy green or gray malodorous discharge, pruritis & "strawberry spots"
66
Tx of trichomoniasis?
flagyl or clindamycin, Tx sexual partner as well
67
What is nonspecific vaginitis?
aka bacterial vaginitis. Can be sexually transmitted or overgrowth of normal bacteria
68
Sx of bacterial vaginitis?
thin foul smelling grayish white discharge, fishy odor, no pruritis or burning
69
What is cervicitis & what are Sx?
inflammation of the cervix, profuse thick yellow mucopurulent drainage that leads to vaginitis & vulvitis
70
What is vulvitis & what are Sx?
inflammation of vulva, caused by vaginitis or cervicitis, lots of itching, appears red & swollen
71
What is bartholinitis & what are Sx?
inflammation of bartholin's glands, usually unilateral erythema, pain, can develop abscess
72
What is TSS?
toxic shock syndrome, caused by toxins released by staph aureus into bloodstream
73
What are Sx of TSS?
fever >102, red, macular, palmar rash followed by desquamation of skin, Vomiting & diarrhea, hypotension SBP<90
74
What is PID? Why does it happen?
pelvic inflammatory disease, caused by untreated vaginitis & cervicitis
75
How does staph cause PID? how does strep?
```
staph = ascending
strep = up cervix then crosses layers of uterus
```
76
What are Sx of acute PID?
abd pain, fever, chills, N&V
77
What are Sx of chronic PID?
persistent dull pelvic pain, backache
78
What is uterine prolapse?
downward displacement of uterus through pelvic floor & vaginal outlet
79
what is 1st degree uterine prolapse? 2nd degree? 3rd?
```
1st = cervix resting in lower part of vagina
2nd = uterus has fallen to vaginal opening
3rd = protrusion of uterus out of vagina
```
80
What are Sx of uterine prolapse?
dragging/pulling sensation, stress incontinence, backache, dyspareunia, vaginal discharge/bleeding
81
Tx uterine prolapse:
```
conservative= pessary, kegel exercises
Surgery = hysterectomy
```
82
What is a cystocele?
hernia of vaginal supports allowing bladder to bulge into upper vagina
83
What are Sx of cystocele?
dragging pain "sitting on a ball", urinary retention & cystitis, urge & stress incontinence
84
What are Tx of cystocele?
kegels, pessary, surgery = anterior colporraphy (tighten vaginal wall to fix herniation)
85
Post op care for colporraphy?
```
prevent infection (good peri care!!)
foley to drain bladder & decrease pressure
```
86
What is a rectocele?
hernia allowing the rectum to bulge into lower third of the vagina
87
What are Sx rectocele?
dragging pain "sitting on a ball"
| rectal fullness, incomplete fecal evacuation
88
Tx of rectocele?
posterior colporraphy
89
What is the most common benign tumor of the female repro tract?
leiomyoma (uterine fibroids)
90
Why don't fibroids grow after menopause?
bc dependent on estrogen to grow
91
Wht are tx options for fibroids?
hormone therapy
uterine artery embolization
transcervical endometrial resection (TCER)
hysterectomy (most effective!)
92
What is endometriosis?
endometrial tissue found outside the uterus, responds to cyclic changes & bleeds.
93
What are Sx of endometriosis?
PAIN, menstrual irregularities, infertility
94
What is the best way to Dx endometriosis?
laparascopy
95
What are Tx options for endometriosis?
analgesics, pregnancy, OCT, Antigonadotropins, Surgery (lysis of adhesions to preserver fertility, hysterectomy for those that don't want children)
96
What is adenomyosis?
benign, "internal endometriosis"
| the endometrium grows into the myometrium
97
What are Sx of adenomyosis?
profuse bleeding, causes anemia, uterus enlarged & tender
98
What is Tx for adenomyosis?
hysterectomy
99
What is a total hysterectomy?
removal of uterus & cervix
100
What is a panhysterectomy?
total hysterectomy + tubes & ovaries (TAH-BSO)
101
What is a radical hysterectomy?
panhysterectomy + partial vaginectomy + pelvic lymph node resection
102
What is pelvic exenteration?
radical hysterectomy + bladder + bowel + total vaginectomy (will need colostomy & urostomy)
103
What is LAVH?
Lap assisted vaginal hysterectomy
104
What are Risk factors of cervical CA?
| Sx?
risk factors = HPV, smoking, DES mothers, family Hx
| Sx = thin, watery, blood-tinged vaginal discharge
105
How is cervical CA Dx?
Pap smear, biopsy
106
What is the most common GYN CA?
uterine CA
107
What is the first symptom of uterine CA?
abnormal vaginal bleeding
108
What is the most severe GYN CA?
ovarian
109
How is ovarian CA Tx?
debulking surgery & intraperitoneal chemo
110
What are Sx of fibrocysts?
round, palpable lumps, moveable tender multiple bilateral
| larger & more tender premenstrually b/c of increase in hormones
111
What differentiates breast CA from a fibrocyst?
CA is nonmoveable
112
What is the best way to Dx breast CA?
mammagram
113
Staging of breast CA:
Stage I = localized tumor, < 2 cm
Stage II = 5 cm & or extends to chest wall or skin
Stage III = lymph nodes involved
Stage IV = distant metastasis (lung, bone, liver, brain)
114
How do you determine if lymph nodes are involved in CA?
sentinel node biopsy
115
Surgical Tx options for breast CA:
lumpectomy + radiation (standard Tx)
wedge resection = tumor + 2-3 cm of normal tissue
total or simple mastectomy = removal of breast tissue no lymph
modified radical mastectomy = for tumors >2 cm, breast tissue + axillary lymph nodes
Radical mastectomy = breast tissue, lymph nodes, chest wall muscles
116
What is lymphedema? What are 2 priorities for pt w lymphedema?
lymphedema = decreased lymph drainage caused by lymph node removal
2 nursing priorities = prevent infection & edema
117
What are Sx of gonorrhea?
Female- vaginal discharge
| Male- urethral d/c
118
What are complications of gonorrhea?
```
Female= PID, ectopic pregnancy, infertility
Male= urethral strictures
```
119
How do you Tx gonorrhea?
ABX- Rocephin IM or Zithromax po
| Tx sexual partner!
120
What kind of organism causes syphilis?
spirochete
121
What are Sx of syphilis?
primary stage = chancre (painless indurated lesions w highly contagious exudate)
Secondary = widespread cutaneous eruptions
Latent = no S/Sx (not infectious after 4 yrs)
Late stage/tertiary = gummas, neurosyphilis, slap foot walk
122
What are Sx of chlamydia?
usually asymptomatic, females may have yellow d/c, men may have NGU, dysuria or white penile d/c
123
How do you Tx syphilis?
PCN IM
124
How do you Tx chlamydia?
ABX, zithromax & doxycycline
