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Nursing 102 > Reproductive System > Flashcards

Reproductive System Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the essential organs for the female reproductive system?

A

ovaries

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2
Q

Where are ovaries located?

A

in posterior pelvis at the end of the fallopian tubes, bilaterally

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3
Q

Which hormones do the ovaries produce?

A

estrogen & progesterone

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4
Q

Ovaries contain what kind of cells?

A

follicle cells

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5
Q

What are inside of the follicle cells?

A

oocytes (eggs)

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6
Q

What are fimbriae?

A

finger-like projections at the end of fallopian tubes that massage ovaries to stimulate release of egg

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7
Q

What is the broad ligament?

A

a fascia that seperates the uterus from the bladder

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8
Q

What are the 3 layers of the uterus?

A

perimetrium: peritoneal fascia covering, outer layer
Myometrium: muscular middle layer
Endometrium: innermost layer, made up of epithelial tissue

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9
Q

What is the purpose of the mucous secreted by the cervix?

A

help transport sperm into the uterus

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10
Q

What is the vaginal vault?

A

where the vagina meets the cervix

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11
Q

Where are skenes glands located & what do they secrete?

A

located on either side of the urethral opening, secrete lubrication. (comparable to male prostate)

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12
Q

Where are Bartholin’s glands located & what do they secrete?

A

Located on each side of the vaginal opening, secrete mucous needed for lubrication.

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13
Q

What are the essential organs of the male reproductive system?

A

the testes

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14
Q

Which pediatric illness do you question males for?

A

mumps, b/c it can cause sterility

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15
Q

Which pediatric illness do you question females for?

A

rubella, b/c can cause congenital defects during 1st trimester

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16
Q

What do pregnancy tests measure?

A

HCG levels

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17
Q

What is a colposcopy?

A

visualization of cervix with a lighted scope

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18
Q

What is culdoscopy?

A

lighted scope inserted transvaginally used to visualize cervix, uterus, ovaries & tubes

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19
Q

What is epispadias?

A

congenital disorder, urethra is located on dorsal (top) side of penis

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20
Q

What is hypospadias?

A

congenital disorder, urethra located on ventral (bottom) side of penis

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21
Q

What is phimosis?

A

constriction of the foreskin, cannot be retracted

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22
Q

What is paraphimosis?

A

edema of retracted foreskin, cannot pull back over flans.

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23
Q

What is posthitis?

A

inflammation of the foreskin

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24
Q

What is balanitis?

A

inflammation of the glans penis

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25
Q

What is priapism?

A

uncontrolled, long-maintained erection that occurs w o any sexual desire. compromises blood & urine flown = Medical Emergency.

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26
Q

What are Sx of epididymitis?

A

severe edema of scrotum, fever, warmth & “duck walk”

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27
Q

What is Tx for epididymitis?

A

ABX, bedrest, scrotal elevation, ice & pain meds

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28
Q

What is orchitis?

A

inflammation of the testicles

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29
Q

How do you differentiate between a hydrocele/spermatocele & testicular CA?

A

transillumination

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30
Q

What is a hydrocele?

A

painless collection of clear fluid anywhere along the spermatic cord.

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31
Q

What is the primary cause of a hydrocele?

A

interference of lymphatic drainage

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32
Q

What is a varicocele?

A

abnormal dilation of veins that drain the testes.

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33
Q

Why are left sided vericoceles more common?

A

b/c of retrograde blood flow from the renal vein.

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34
Q

what is a spermatocele?

A

a sperm-filled cyst on the epididymis

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35
Q

What is testicular torsion?

A

twisting of the spermatic cord, occurs most commonly around puberty after physical activity.

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36
Q

What are symptoms of testicular torsion?

A

PAIN (radiates to groin), tenderness, N&V, edema, absent cremasteric relex

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37
Q

What is a cremasteric reflex?

A

if you stroke inner thigh downward testicles will retract

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38
Q

How do you Tx testicular torsion?

A

narcotics will cause relaxation & twisting will usually resolve itself, otherwise surgery is required.

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39
Q

What is the least aggressive/most common testicular CA?

A

seminomas

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40
Q

What is the rarest/most aggressive type of testicular CA?

A

nonseminomas

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41
Q

What are the Sx of testicular CA?

A

painless enlargement of testicle. May be palpable mass, CANNOT TRANSILLUMINATE!

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42
Q

What blood serum levels will be elevated with testicular CA?

A

Alpha Feta Protein AFP & HCG (not specific for CA)

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43
Q

What is Tx for testicular CA?

A 
radical orchiectomy (remove testicles & regional lymph nodes)
very receptive to chemo
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44
Q

What is primary ED?

What is secondary ED?

A 
Primary = never experienced an erection
Secondary = no longer able to attain an erection, or only under certain conditions
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45
Q

What are classes of ED?

A 
organic = gradual deterioration in function (usually medical)
Functional = psychological (still have erections during sleep)
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46
Q

Tx of ED:

A

PDE-5 inhibitors (viagra, cialis)
S/E = priapism
penis pumps, penile injections, penile implants

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47
Q

What is Primary dysmenorrhea? Secondary?

A 
Primary = no pathology or evidence to support pain
Secondary = organic, medical cause (ie fibroids, PID, endometriosis
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48
Q

How is dysmenorrhea Tx?

A

prostaglandin inhibitors (motrin, ibuprofen, advil), Oral contraceptives (hormone manipulation)

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49
Q

What is amenorrhea?

A

failure to menstruate before age 16, or cessation for more than 6 mo after they have been established

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50
Q

What is menorrhagia?

A

excessive bleeding at time of menses

51
Q

What is metrorrhagia?

A

intramenstrual bleeding

52
Q

What is mittleschmerz?

A

time when ovulation occurs

53
Q

What is the Climacteric phase?

A

period of time when women go from reproductive to non-reproductive

54
Q

What is perimenopause?

A

period of time from first sign of menopause to complete cessation of menses, 1 full year after last period

55
Q

Postmenopause?

A

one year post last period

56
Q

What causes menopause?

A

a decline in estrogen (b/c of decreasing # of maturing ovarian follicles & ovaries less responsive to pituitary hormones)

57
Q

What are some physical changes associated with a decrease in estrogen?

A 
endometrium & myometrium atrophy
labia majora flatten
vaginal mucosa thins
cervical secretions decrease (vaginal dryness)
Pelvic muscle tone weakens
breasts lose elasticity
58
Q

Clinical manifestations of decreased estrogen?

A 
dyspareunia (painful intercourse)
vaginal dryness
irregular vaginal bleeding
weight changes
hot flashes
osteoporosis
joint pain
59
Q

How do you Dx menopause?

A

Low estrogen levels

High FSH & LH levels (over compensation from pituitary b/ ovaries less sensitive)

60
Q

Do women who have undergone a hysterectomy still require progesterone therapy? Why?

A

no!

b/c progesterone is what stimulates the shedding of the endometrium, if no uterus, no endometrium

61
Q

What is leukorrhea?

A

it is a normal, nonbloody, asymptomatic vaginal discharge, secreted by endocervical glands to keep vaginal mucous membranes moist

62
Q

What is monilial vaginits?

A

a yeast infection

63
Q

what are symptoms of yeast infection?

A

pruritis, thick, white curdy odorous discharge

bright red swollen vagina & vulva

64
Q

What is trichomoniasis?

A

an infection of the paraurethral glands in men or women caused by a protozoan

65
Q

what are Sx of trichomoniasis?

A

profuse thin frothy green or gray malodorous discharge, pruritis & “strawberry spots”

66
Q

Tx of trichomoniasis?

A

flagyl or clindamycin, Tx sexual partner as well

67
Q

What is nonspecific vaginitis?

A

aka bacterial vaginitis. Can be sexually transmitted or overgrowth of normal bacteria

68
Q

Sx of bacterial vaginitis?

A

thin foul smelling grayish white discharge, fishy odor, no pruritis or burning

69
Q

What is cervicitis & what are Sx?

A

inflammation of the cervix, profuse thick yellow mucopurulent drainage that leads to vaginitis & vulvitis

70
Q

What is vulvitis & what are Sx?

A

inflammation of vulva, caused by vaginitis or cervicitis, lots of itching, appears red & swollen

71
Q

What is bartholinitis & what are Sx?

A

inflammation of bartholin’s glands, usually unilateral erythema, pain, can develop abscess

72
Q

What is TSS?

A

toxic shock syndrome, caused by toxins released by staph aureus into bloodstream

73
Q

What are Sx of TSS?

A

fever >102, red, macular, palmar rash followed by desquamation of skin, Vomiting & diarrhea, hypotension SBP<90

74
Q

What is PID? Why does it happen?

A

pelvic inflammatory disease, caused by untreated vaginitis & cervicitis

75
Q

How does staph cause PID? how does strep?

A 
staph = ascending
strep = up cervix then crosses layers of uterus
76
Q

What are Sx of acute PID?

A

abd pain, fever, chills, N&V

77
Q

What are Sx of chronic PID?

A

persistent dull pelvic pain, backache

78
Q

What is uterine prolapse?

A

downward displacement of uterus through pelvic floor & vaginal outlet

79
Q

what is 1st degree uterine prolapse? 2nd degree? 3rd?

A 
1st = cervix resting in lower part of vagina
2nd = uterus has fallen to vaginal opening
3rd = protrusion of uterus out of vagina
80
Q

What are Sx of uterine prolapse?

A

dragging/pulling sensation, stress incontinence, backache, dyspareunia, vaginal discharge/bleeding

81
Q

Tx uterine prolapse:

A 
conservative= pessary, kegel exercises
Surgery = hysterectomy
82
Q

What is a cystocele?

A

hernia of vaginal supports allowing bladder to bulge into upper vagina

83
Q

What are Sx of cystocele?

A

dragging pain “sitting on a ball”, urinary retention & cystitis, urge & stress incontinence

84
Q

What are Tx of cystocele?

A

kegels, pessary, surgery = anterior colporraphy (tighten vaginal wall to fix herniation)

85
Q

Post op care for colporraphy?

A 
prevent infection (good peri care!!)
foley to drain bladder & decrease pressure
86
Q

What is a rectocele?

A

hernia allowing the rectum to bulge into lower third of the vagina

87
Q

What are Sx rectocele?

A

dragging pain “sitting on a ball”

rectal fullness, incomplete fecal evacuation

88
Q

Tx of rectocele?

A

posterior colporraphy

89
Q

What is the most common benign tumor of the female repro tract?

A

leiomyoma (uterine fibroids)

90
Q

Why don’t fibroids grow after menopause?

A

bc dependent on estrogen to grow

91
Q

Wht are tx options for fibroids?

A

hormone therapy
uterine artery embolization
transcervical endometrial resection (TCER)
hysterectomy (most effective!)

92
Q

What is endometriosis?

A

endometrial tissue found outside the uterus, responds to cyclic changes & bleeds.

93
Q

What are Sx of endometriosis?

A

PAIN, menstrual irregularities, infertility

94
Q

What is the best way to Dx endometriosis?

A

laparascopy

95
Q

What are Tx options for endometriosis?

A

analgesics, pregnancy, OCT, Antigonadotropins, Surgery (lysis of adhesions to preserver fertility, hysterectomy for those that don’t want children)

96
Q

What is adenomyosis?

A

benign, “internal endometriosis”

the endometrium grows into the myometrium

97
Q

What are Sx of adenomyosis?

A

profuse bleeding, causes anemia, uterus enlarged & tender

98
Q

What is Tx for adenomyosis?

A

hysterectomy

99
Q

What is a total hysterectomy?

A

removal of uterus & cervix

100
Q

What is a panhysterectomy?

A

total hysterectomy + tubes & ovaries (TAH-BSO)

101
Q

What is a radical hysterectomy?

A

panhysterectomy + partial vaginectomy + pelvic lymph node resection

102
Q

What is pelvic exenteration?

A

radical hysterectomy + bladder + bowel + total vaginectomy (will need colostomy & urostomy)

103
Q

What is LAVH?

A

Lap assisted vaginal hysterectomy

104
Q

What are Risk factors of cervical CA?

Sx?

A

risk factors = HPV, smoking, DES mothers, family Hx

Sx = thin, watery, blood-tinged vaginal discharge

105
Q

How is cervical CA Dx?

A

Pap smear, biopsy

106
Q

What is the most common GYN CA?

A

uterine CA

107
Q

What is the first symptom of uterine CA?

A

abnormal vaginal bleeding

108
Q

What is the most severe GYN CA?

A

ovarian

109
Q

How is ovarian CA Tx?

A

debulking surgery & intraperitoneal chemo

110
Q

What are Sx of fibrocysts?

A

round, palpable lumps, moveable tender multiple bilateral

larger & more tender premenstrually b/c of increase in hormones

111
Q

What differentiates breast CA from a fibrocyst?

A

CA is nonmoveable

112
Q

What is the best way to Dx breast CA?

A

mammagram

113
Q

Staging of breast CA:

A

Stage I = localized tumor, < 2 cm
Stage II = 5 cm & or extends to chest wall or skin
Stage III = lymph nodes involved
Stage IV = distant metastasis (lung, bone, liver, brain)

114
Q

How do you determine if lymph nodes are involved in CA?

A

sentinel node biopsy

115
Q

Surgical Tx options for breast CA:

A

lumpectomy + radiation (standard Tx)
wedge resection = tumor + 2-3 cm of normal tissue
total or simple mastectomy = removal of breast tissue no lymph
modified radical mastectomy = for tumors >2 cm, breast tissue + axillary lymph nodes
Radical mastectomy = breast tissue, lymph nodes, chest wall muscles

116
Q

What is lymphedema? What are 2 priorities for pt w lymphedema?

A

lymphedema = decreased lymph drainage caused by lymph node removal
2 nursing priorities = prevent infection & edema

117
Q

What are Sx of gonorrhea?

A

Female- vaginal discharge

Male- urethral d/c

118
Q

What are complications of gonorrhea?

A 
Female= PID, ectopic pregnancy, infertility
Male= urethral strictures
119
Q

How do you Tx gonorrhea?

A

ABX- Rocephin IM or Zithromax po

Tx sexual partner!

120
Q

What kind of organism causes syphilis?

A

spirochete

121
Q

What are Sx of syphilis?

A

primary stage = chancre (painless indurated lesions w highly contagious exudate)
Secondary = widespread cutaneous eruptions
Latent = no S/Sx (not infectious after 4 yrs)
Late stage/tertiary = gummas, neurosyphilis, slap foot walk

122
Q

What are Sx of chlamydia?

A

usually asymptomatic, females may have yellow d/c, men may have NGU, dysuria or white penile d/c

123
Q

How do you Tx syphilis?

A

PCN IM

124
Q

How do you Tx chlamydia?

A

ABX, zithromax & doxycycline

Nursing 102 (9 decks)

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