Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Nursing 102 > GI exam #3 > Flashcards

GI exam #3 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Nursing Mental Health flashcards Nursing Management of Care flashcards NCLEX-PN® flashcards NCLEX-RN® flashcards Nursing Fundamentals flashcards Nursing Pediatrics flashcards Nursing Safety & Infection flashcards Nursing Pharmacology flashcards Nursing Maternity flashcards Family Nurse Practitioner (FNP) flashcards
1
Q

What are the 5 major functions of the liver?

A
  1. Metabolism
  2. Bile Synthesis
  3. Storage
  4. Mononuclear Phagocyte System
  5. Production of coagulation factors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the 3 metabolic functions of the liver?

A
  1. Carbohydrate, fat & protein metabolism
  2. Detoxification
  3. Steroid metabolism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is jaundice?

A

yellow pigmentation of the skin, sclera & deeper tissues, results from abnormally high levels of bilirubin circulating in the blood.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How is bilirubin formed?

A

From breakdown of hemoglobin of old RBC’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Which kind of bilirubin is not water soluble?

A

Unconjugated bilirubin (bound to albumin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Where does bilirubin become conjugated?

A

in the liver, by attaching to glucuronic acid. Now it is water soluble

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Liver secretes conjugated bilirubin into ____

A

bile, where it travels to the lg intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How is bilirubin excreted from the body?

A

It is converted into bilinogen in large intestines & excreted in urine & feces.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the 2 most common causes of jaundice?

A

excessive destruction of RBC’s OR bile excretion obstruction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the 3 types of jaundice?

A
  1. Hemolytic (pre-hepatic)
  2. Hepatocellular (within the liver)
  3. Obstructive (most common)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What causes Hemolytic Jaundice?

A

excessive RBC destruction. leads to excess unconjugated bilirubin in the blood, liver is unable to handle increased load.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What causes hepatocellular jaundice?

A

defective conjugation or excretion within the liver. Hepatocytes are damaged & leak bilirubin, increasing conjugated bilirubin levels.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What causes Obstructive Jaundice?

A

decreased or obstructed flow of bile thru liver or biliary duct system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

2 Types of obstructive jaundice?

A
  1. intrahepatic- outward flow of bile blocked

2. extrahepatic- flow of bile into duodenum blocked

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What do stools look like with complete obstruction of bile flow?

A

clay colored

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Clinical manifestations of jaundice:

A

yellowish discoloration, pruritis,, bruising & bleeding of skin, brown foamy urine, H/A & confusion (if unconjugated bilirubin crosses blood-brain barrier & irritates the brain)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is hepatitis?

A

any type of inflammation of the liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Types of viral hepatitis?

A

Hep A, Hep B, Hep C, Hep D, Hep E, Hep G

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How is Hep A transmitted?

A

fecal-oral route

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How can you get immunity from Hep A?

A

Hepatitis A vaccine or after infection develop IgG antibodies = lifelong immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Hepatitis B: RNA or DNA virus?

A

DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How is Hep B transmitted?

A

blood & body fluids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Can Hepatitis B live on a dry surface?

A

Yes! for up to 7 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the HBV window phase?

A

3 month period where serological markers for hep b are negative but pt is infectious

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is a chronic carrier?

A

someone who no longer has symptoms but remains contagious. high risk of developing cirrohosis and liver cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How can you get immunity from Hep B?

A

vaccine or past HBV infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

How is Hep C transmitted?

A

Blood to blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the leading indication for liver transplant?

A

Hepatitis C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Hepatisis D can not survive on its own. What co-infection does it require to survive?

A

Hepatitis B

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

How is hepatitis E transmitted?

A

fecal-oral. usually self-limiting & resolves on its own

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

How do you acquire non-viral hepatitis?

A

liver damage after exposure to hepatotoxins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

How do you diagnose Hepatitis?

A

Liver biopsy, elevated serum ALT & AST, elevated total serum bilirubin levels, elevated ALP, elevated WBC’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are the phases of acute Hepatitis and how long do they last?

A

preicteric phase: 1-21 days
icteric phase (jaundice phase): 2-4 weeks
post icteric phase: weeks to months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What does icteric mean?

A

jaundice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are symptoms of preicteric hepatitis?

A

splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, lymphadenopathy, fatigue, constipation/diarrhea, H/A, low-grade fever, RUQ pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are symptoms of icteric phase of hepatitis?

A

jaundice, dark urine, clay colored stools, GI symptoms, pruritis, increased indirect & direct serum bilirubin, increased stool bilirubin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Symptoms of post icteric phase of hepatits?

A

begins when jaundice disappears, malaise, fatigue, indigestion, flatulence, abd pain, hepatomegaly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is anicteric Hepatitis?

A

viral hepatitis w o the presence of jaundice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Hepatitis C clinical manifestations:

A

majority asymptomatic! leads to chronic liver disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is the primary nursing intervention for acute hepatitis?

A

rest & adequate nutrition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

When can IgG be given for Hep A?

A

1-2 weeks before or after exposure

42
Q

What is cirrhosis of the liver?

A

progressive, irreversible scarring of the liver

43
Q

What is the most common cause of cirrhosis?

A

Alcohol

44
Q

What are the 4 types of cirrhosis of the liver?

A
  1. alcoholic cirrhosis
  2. postnecrotic cirrhosis
  3. biliary cirrhosis
  4. cardiac cirrhosis
45
Q

What does a liver affected by alcoholic cirrhosis look like?

A

initially becomes fatty bc of infiltration of the liver cells, can be reversed at this point. Later becomes covered in scar tissue, permanent.

46
Q

What does a liver affected by postnecrotic cirrhosis look like?

A

small & distorted bc of hepatitis

47
Q

What does a liver affected by biliary cirrhosis look like?

A

enlarged, firm & green

48
Q

What causes cardiac cirrhosis?

A

longstanding severe right-sided HF (portal HTN)

49
Q

Early manifestations of cirrhosis?

A

vague & mild. Weight loss, malaise, GI disturbances: anorexia, dyspepsia, flatulence, N&V.

50
Q

Late manifestations of cirrhosis:

A

Jaundice & peripheral edema, ascites, pruritis, spider angiomas, splenomegaly, bleeding tendencies, portal HTN, hepatocellular failure

51
Q

What is caput medusae?

A

dilated veins around the umbilicus

52
Q

what is ascites?

A

osmotic shift of fluid in to peritoneum = abd distention & weight gain

53
Q

What is hepatic encephalopathy?

A

liver damage = liver not able to detoxify blood adequately = ammonia unable to convert to urea, builds up in blood. Ammonia crosses blood-brain barrier results in neuro s/sx, coma & death.

54
Q

Clinical manifestations of hepatic encephalopathy?

A

range from inappropriate behavior to coma. apathy, memory loss, agitation, confusion

55
Q

What is asterixis?

A

flapping tremor involves arms & hands

56
Q

What is the most common characteristic of hepatic encephalopathy?

A

asterixis

57
Q

What is fetor Hepaticus?

A

musty, sweetish odor on breath

58
Q

Diagnostic studies for cirrhosis of the liver:

A

Liver function tests (ALT), liver biopsy, liver scan, liver U/S

59
Q

Collaborative care Cirrhosis:

A

REST, avoid ETOH & anticoagulants

60
Q

Collaborative care Ascites:

A

high carb, low protein, low Na+ diet
avoid ETOH
diuretics
paracentesis

61
Q

Collaborative care Esophageal Varicies:

A

manage airway, prevent bleeding, vasopressin

62
Q

Collaborative care Hepatic Encephalopathy:

A

Goal = reduce ammonia formation
ABX- decrease bacterial flora
Lactulose- forms lactic acid in the bowel, bacteria can’t grow, lots of POOP :(
Monitor ammonia levels, watch for changes in LOC, Limit physical activity (increased ammonia)

63
Q

Nutritional therapy for Cirrhosis:

A

High calorie, high carbohydrate, low fat

64
Q

What is the most common complication of bleeding esophageal varicies?

A

aspiration pneumonia

65
Q

What are the 2 major risk factors for Primary Hepatic CA?

A

Cirrhosis & Hepatitis

66
Q

Diagnosing Liver CA:

A

biopsy

U/S, CAT scan

67
Q

Clinical Manifestations liver CA:

A

weakness, anorexia, N&V, abd pain, jaundice, weight loss, liver enlargement

68
Q

What type of liver CA would be appropriate for liver transplant?

A

primary

69
Q

What are functions of the gallbladder?

A

collects, concentrates & stores bile

Releases bile into duodenum (stimulated by high fat ingestion)

70
Q

What is cholecystitis?

A

inflammation of the gallbladder

71
Q

2 types of acute cholecystitis?

A

calculous (stones)

noncalculous (no stones)

72
Q

What are 5 F’s of risk factors for cholecystitis?

A
  1. Female
  2. Forty +
  3. Family Hx
  4. Fertile
  5. Fat
73
Q

Most common component of gall stones?

A

cholesterol

74
Q

What is biliary colic?

A

spasms/contractions of bile ducts trying to move stones, painful!!

75
Q

Symptoms of cholecystitis:

A

indigestion, moderate to severe pain triggered by high fat meal, blumberg’s sign, fever, jaundice.

76
Q

symptoms of chronic cholecystitis:

A

fat intolerance, dyspepsia, heartburn, flatulence

77
Q

What is choledocholithiasis?

A

gallstone lodged in CBD

78
Q

Diagnosing Cholecystitis:

A

Pain in relation to eating? murphy’s sign (pain w deep inspiration), ERCP, Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography, U/S, AST, ALT, WBC, Serum Bilirubin,

79
Q

Tx of cholecystitis:

A

pain control, ABX, gastric decompression, anticholinergics

80
Q

Tx of cholelithiasis:

A

lap chole = tx of choice

81
Q

What are signs of biliary obstruction?

A

clay-colored stools, jaundice, dark/foamy urine, fever, steatorrhea

82
Q

What are 2 main causes of pancreatitis?

A
  1. Biliary tract disease (MOST COMMON)

2. Alcoholism

83
Q

Etiology/Patho of pancreatitis:

A

premature activation of excessive pancreatic enzymes = autodigestion & fibrosis of pancreas

84
Q

Which pancreatic enzyme leads to hemorrhagic pancreatitis?

A

elastase

85
Q

S/Sx acute pancreatitis:

A 
abd pain (LUQ or epigastric)
aggravated by fat & ETOH
jaundice
cullen's sign
turner's sign (bluish discoloration on flank)
decreased or absent bowel sounds
abd rigidity
86
Q

What is a pseudocyst?

A

cavity surrounding OUTSIDE of pancreas filled with necrotic products & liquid secretions. Potential to perforate

87
Q

What is a pancreatic abscess?

A

a large fluid-filled cavity WITHIN the pancreas

88
Q

Lab tests for pancreatitis:

A

Amylase and Lipase!! WBC, blood glucose

89
Q

Tx pancreatitis:

A

aggressive hydration, relieve pain, fluid/electrolyte balance, NPO

90
Q

What is purpose of ERCP?

A

visualization, removal of gallstones, dilate strictures, biopsy, diagnose pseudocysts

91
Q

What are signs of hypocalcemia?

A

tetany, + chvostek or trosseau sign

92
Q

What is chronic pancreatitis?

A

continuous, prolonged, inflammatory & fibrosing process of pancreas

93
Q

What are 2 major types of chronic pancreatitis?

A
  1. chronic obstructive pancreatitis

2. chronic calcifying pancreatitis

94
Q

Which is the most common form of chronic pancreatitis?

A

calcifying AKA alcohol-induced pancreatitis

inflammation leads to sclerosis in head of pancreas around the pancreatic duct

95
Q

S/Sx of chronic pancreatitis:

A

abd pain (heavy, gnawing, burning)
malabsorption with weight loss
jaundice
frothy urine/stool

96
Q

Chronic pancreatitis is a risk factor for _______

A

pancreatic CA

97
Q

Diagnosing chronic pancreatitis:

A

serum amylase/lipase ( may be slightly elevated, or not)

ERCP

98
Q

Tx chronic pancreatitis:

A

prevent attacks (low fat diet, NO ETOH)
pain relief
bile salts

99
Q

Where do most pancreatic tumors occur?

A

in the head of pancreas, obstructing CBD

100
Q

Risk factors for pancreatic CA:

A

chronic pancreatitis & diabetes
heavy smoking
family Hx

101
Q

S/Sx of pancreatic CA:

A

anorexia with rapid weight loss
abd pain
pain progressively worsens, R/T eating

Nursing 102 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions