Integumentary Exam #1 Flashcards
1
Q
What is the primary function of skin?
A
surface barrier against invading organisms
2
Q
What are 8 other functions of skin?
A
- Homeostasis
- Thermoregulation
- Sensory Perception
- Excretion
- Skin lubrication
- Synthesis of vitamin D
- Absorption of medications
- Personal Identity
3
Q
What are the 3 layers of skin?
A
- Epidermis
- Dermis
- Subcutaneous
4
Q
What is the outermost layer of skin?
A
Epidermis (very thin)
5
Q
How often does the epidermis regenerate?
A
Every 28 days
6
Q
How is the epidermis nourished?
A
By blood vessels in the dermis bc it is avascular
7
Q
What are the 2 types of epidermal cells?
A
Keratinocytes & Melanocytes
8
Q
What is the function of keratinocytes?
A
produce keratin which serves as a protective barrier
9
Q
What is the function of Melanocytes?
A
secrete melanin, which gives skin/hair color & provides UV protection
10
Q
What are the 2 layers of the dermis?
A
Papillary layer & Reticular layer
11
Q
What is the papillary layer of the dermis?
A
upper, thin layer, made up of ridges which form finger/foot prints
12
Q
What is the reticular layer of the dermis layer?
A
lower, thicker layer, provides support (collagen, elastin & reticular fibers)
13
Q
What is the SubQ layer?
A
layer of connective tissue that attaches skin to underlying tissue & organs
14
Q
What is the primary function of the SubQ layer?
A
insulation
15
Q
What are hair & nails made of?
A
dead keratin cells
16
Q
What is the matrix of the nail?
A
white crescent shaped area at base of nail
17
Q
What are 3 types of glands?
A
- Sebaceous
- Apocrine
- Eccrine
18
Q
What is the function of sebaceous glands?
A
secrete sebum (oil) to keep skin & hair from becoming too dry
19
Q
What are Apocrine glands?
A
sweat glands that smell bad (i.e. in armpits/groin) Apocrine = Adolescence
20
Q
What are Eccrine glands?
A
sweat glands that cool by evaporation. Eccrine = exercise
21
Q
Why does hair turn white or grey when people age?
A
b/c of decrease in melanin
22
Q
What are lentigo?
A
sun spots/ liver spots
23
Q
What are 4 types of photosensitizing drugs?
A
sulfa, diuretics, tetracycline, doxycycline
24
Q
What is the difference between an allergy & an irritation?
A
allergies are immunological responses that happen consistently with exposure to same antigen
irritations = unpredictable!
25
What regulates eccrine sweat glands?
Adrenergic nervous system (exercise, heat, emotional stress, fever)
26
What causes wrinkles/sagging in elderly?
decrease in subQ fat, degeneration of elastic fibers, collagen stiffening
27
What causes dry/flaky skin in elderly?
decreased activity of apocrine & sebaceous gland activity
28
What are S/E of diminished blood supply?
decreased sensation & wound healing
29
Which 3 things affect skin color?
melanin, carotene & hemoglobin
30
Where are the most reliable areas of least pigmentation to inspect for color changes?
sclera, conjunctiva, nail beds, lips, buccal mucosa
31
Vascularity: blanchable=?
due to dilated blood vessels
32
vascularity: not blanchable=?
due to subQ or intradermal bleed
33
What 5 things is it important to document in regard to lesions?
1. size
2. location
3. color
4. distribution
5. shape
34
What is a primary lesion?
lesions which appear on previously healthy skin in response to irritation
35
What is a secondary lesion?
lesions which result from changes in primary lesion
36
What are bulla?
fluid filled lesions 0.5-2cm AKA blisters (large vesicles)
37
What are cysts?
semisolid or fluid filled encapsulated mass extending deep into dermis ie acne
38
What are macules?
FLAT, pigmented, circumscribed <0.5 cm (ie a freckle)
39
What is a papule?
a firm, inflammatory, RAISED lesion that is less than 0.5 cm
40
What is a nodule?
a firm, raised, inflammatory lesion that extends deeper than a papule, into all 3 skin layers 0.5-2cm
41
What is a pustule?
a lesion containing purulent material
42
What is a vesicle?
a serous-fluid filled lesion less than 0.5 cm (small blister)
43
What is a wheal?
raised, firm lesion with intense localized skin edema (AKA hives) ITCHY
44
What causes a keloid scar?
hyperplasia of fibrous tissue
45
What is vitiligo?
disappearance of skin's melanocytes
46
What are intertriginous rashes?
rashes that appear in places where skin touches skin. ie between fingers & toes, under breasts
47
What are mineral oil slides used to Dx?
infestations (scabies)
48
Are wet to dry dressings sterile or clean?
clean
49
are dry dressings sterile or clean?
sterile
50
What is the purpose of a wet to dry dressing?
wound debridement
51
What is anhidrosis?
sweat gland failure or congenital absence of sweat glands
52
What is the primary concern with anhidrosis?
overheating b/c of body's inability to cool itself down
53
What is hyperhidrosis?
excessive sweating, can lead to fluid/lyte imbalances
54
What is hidradenitis suppurativa?
chronic, painful disease of sebaceous & apocrine glands caused by blockage of ducts around hair follicles by infected material
55
What are Sx of hidradenitis suppurativa?
chronic, malodorous, painful, purulent boils, lead to chronic scarring. NOT due to poor hygiene
56
What is alopecia?
Hair loss
57
What is androgenic alopecia?
Premature balding bc of increased hormones (testosterone)
58
What is alopecia areata?
patchy baldness
59
What is alopecia totalis?
total loss of all head hair
60
What is alopecia universalis?
loss of all body hair
61
What is Hirsutism?
excessive growth of dark, coarse hair in undesirable locations
Adult male hair distribution in women & children
62
What is the most common nail disorder?
ingrown toe nail
63
What is Paronychia?
Inflammation & injury of skin @ nail base r/t occupations with hands in water
64
What are lindsay's nails?
arc of brown discoloration on nail plate r/t renal failure
65
What are Mee's lines?
white lines across nail bed, follow shape of the nail matrix due to arsenic poisoning
66
What are Terry's nails?
opaque/white nails with a dark pink to brown nail tip, due to cirrhosis, CHF, Type DM, CA, aging
67
What are spoon nails?
soft, scooped out nails, able to hold a drop of liquid due to iron deficiency anemia
68
What is onychomycosis?
fungal infection of nails
69
Sx of onychomycosis?
dry, thick, discolored nails
70
How do you Tx onychomycosis?
lamisal PO or Lotrimin topically
71
What is onycholysis?
seperation of nail plate distally to proximally
72
What is impetigo?
highly contagious bacterial skin infection caused by staph or strep
73
Risk factors for impetigo?
poor hygiene, most common in young adults & infants
74
What does impetigo look like?
starts out as small wheal, then becomes small vesicles or pustules that erupt, honey colored crust
75
What is Tx for impetigo?
remove crusts with warm soaks, bacteriostatic soaps & ABX
76
What is a serious complication of impetigo?
glomerulonephritis
77
What is cellulitis?
infection of dermis & hypodermis (subQ), break in skin allows bacteria in
78
How does cellulitis spread?
via lymph & blood
79
What are S/Sx of cellulitis?
similar to DVT-
| erythema, warm/hot to touch, swelling, glossy skin, tenderness/pain, fever/chills, ascending lymphangitis
80
What causes cellulitis?
strep or staph
81
What are complications of cellulitis?
repeated infections can lead to chronic lymphedema due to narrowing of lymph channels
also: gangrene, sepsis, lymphangitis, necrotizing fasciitis
82
What is necrotizing fasciitis?
infected fascia with SQ necrosis by gas-forming organism
83
What are Sx of necrotizing fasciitis?
rapid, sudden onset, "flesh-eating bacteria", caused by group A step
84
How do you Dx necrotizing fasciitis?
Xray/CT/MRI to visualize gas in tissue
85
What is Tx for necrotizing fasciitis?
fluid replacement, IV ABX, surgical debridement, fasciotomy, skin grafting
86
What is folliculitis?
staph infection, small pustules at hair follicle, crusting
87
What is a furuncle?
painful, deep staph infection around hair follicle that drains pus when ruptured
88
How do you prevent furuncles?
good hygiene
89
What is furunculosis?
large areas of skin covered with persistent boils
90
What is a carbuncle?
multiple interconnecting furuncles that extend into subQ tissue
91
What do virusus' rely on for reproduction?
living cells
92
What is the diff between herpes I & herpes II?
Herpes I = above the waist
| Herpes II = below the waist (genital)
93
What is Tx of herpes?
Tx symptoms, no cure. Meds that end in "vir" prior to eruption can shorten length of flare-up
94
What is herpes zoster?
chix pox/shingles. viral infection travels from ganglia to skin
shingles= dermatomal segments of skin affected
95
What are Sx of shingles?
burning pain & neuralgia prior to outbreak, mild to severe pain & linear distribution along dermatome during outbreak.
96
Tx of shingles:
Pain control!
| neurontin for nerve pain
97
What are verrucae?
warts
98
What causes warts?
HPV
99
How are warts spread?
by autoinnoculation
100
What are verruca plantaris?
Plantar warts
| on soles of feet, extend deep into skin
101
What are condyloma Acuminata?
veneral/genital warts
102
What is tinea?
ringworm, fungal infection
103
What is tinea corporis?
ringworm on the body
104
What is tinea capitus?
ringworm on the scalp
105
What is tinea pedis?
ringworm on feet (athlete's foot)
106
What is tinea Cruris?
jock itch, ringworm on groin
107
What are pediculosis?
lice
108
Pediculosis corporis?
body lice
109
Pediculosis Pubis?
Pubic lice (crabs)
110
Pediculosis Capitus?
Head lice
111
What are scabies?
highly contagious, microscopic mite that burrows through skin & lays eggs
112
When is the itching worse with scabies?
at night
113
Tx for scabies?
permethrin (elimite) to entire skin surface for 12hr + Tx anyone else who had contact
