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Nursing 102 > Nervous system Exam #1 > Flashcards

Nervous system Exam #1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 5 functions of the nervous system?

A
  1. Maintain homeostasis
  2. Generation of sensory input
  3. Process incoming data
  4. Generate impulses that control various voluntary and involuntary motor functions
  5. Storage of information
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2
Q

What are the 2 types of cells in the nervous system?

A

neurons and neuroglia

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3
Q

What are neurons?

A

the functional unit of the NS: transmits messages

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4
Q

What are the 3 common characteristics of neurons?

A

!. excitablitity

  1. conductivity
  2. influence
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5
Q

What is excitability?

A

ability to generate an impulse

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6
Q

What is conductivity?

A

ability to transmit an impulse within itself

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7
Q

What is infulence?

A

ability to influence another neuron

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8
Q

What are the 3 main components of a neuron?

A
  1. cell body
  2. dendrites
  3. axon
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9
Q

What is the cell body?

A

center, main part of neuron, forms gray matter*

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10
Q

What are dendrites?

A

project from the cell body, receive nerve impulses and carry TOWARD cell body

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11
Q

What are axons?

A

Project impulses away from cell body

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12
Q

What is a myelin sheath?

A

lipid covering that insulates & speeds axon transmission. provides WHITE color to WHITE matter

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13
Q

What are the 2 ways neurons are classified?

A

by function & by structure

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14
Q

What are the diff functional classifications of neurons?

A

sensory (afferent), motor (efferent) or interneuron

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15
Q

what are the diff structural classifications of neurons?

A

multipolar, bipolar, unipolar

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16
Q

What are interneurons?

A

neurons that conduct impulses from one neuron to another (sensory to motor)

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17
Q

What is the function of neuroglia or glial cells?

A

repair, support & protect neurons

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18
Q

Which kind of NS cells are most common source of primary tumors?

A

neuroglia b/c they’re mitotic

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19
Q

What are 4 types of glial cells?

A
  1. oligodendrocytes
  2. astrocytes
  3. ependymal
  4. microglia
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20
Q

What is function of oligodendrocytes?

A

produce myelin sheath

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21
Q

What is the function of astrocytes?

A

accumulate where neurons have been damaged, scar formation, feed neurons, form BBB

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22
Q

what is the function of ependymal cells?

A

aid in secretion & regulation of CSF

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23
Q

What is the function of microglia?

A

remove waste

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24
Q

Which cell is called the “star of the nervous system”?

A

astrocytes

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25
Q

nerve regeneration: CNS? PNS?

A

CNS: limited ability to regenerate
PNS: very slow process

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26
Q

How are nerve impulses transmitted along axon? between neurons?

A

along axon = electrical transmission

between neurons = chemical transmission

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27
Q

Electrical impulses are a result of which 2 ions moving into and out of cells?

A

potassium and sodium

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28
Q

What is the junction between nerve cells called?

A

synapse

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29
Q

What is the resting state of action potential?

A

no impulse, high K+ in cell, low Na+

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30
Q

What is depolarization?

A

channels in cell membrane open and Na+ rushes in

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31
Q

what is repolarization?

A

Na+ leaves cell, K+ reenters, after action potential ends

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32
Q

What is saltatory conduction?

A

nerve conduction of myelinated nerves, faster, impulse jumps from one node of ranvier to the next

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33
Q

What are 4 components of synaptic transmission?

A

presynaptic knob, synaptic cleft, neurotransmitter & receptor site

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34
Q

Which structures make up the CNS?

A

brain & spinal cord

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35
Q

What are the 3 subdivisions of the brain?

A
  1. cerebrum
  2. cerebellum
  3. brain stem- midbrain, pons, medulla
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36
Q

PNS consists of:

A

12 pairs cranial nerves, 31 pairs of spinal nerves and autonomic nervous system

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37
Q

ANS is subdivided into?

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

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38
Q

What is the foramen magnum?

A

large hole in skull where brain stem & spinal cord connect

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39
Q

What are meninges?

A

3 protective membranes that surround the brain and SC

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40
Q

What are the 3 layers of meninges? describe each

A
  1. Dura mater = outer layer, thick & tough
  2. arachnoid = middle layer, thin, delicate = loosely contains brain and CSF
  3. Pia mater = innermost layer, thin, mesh like, very vascular
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41
Q

What are the 3 meninge spaces?

A
  1. epidural = above dura mater (between skull and dura mater)
  2. subdural = below the dura mater (between dura & arachnoid)
  3. subarachnoid = between arachnoid & dura mater (holds CSF)
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42
Q

What is the falx cerebri?

A

dural fold that separates 2 cerebral hemispheres (allows for some expansion)

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43
Q

What is the tentorium cerebelli?

A

double dura layer fold between cerebrum & the cerebellum

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44
Q

What are choroids plexus?

A

cauliflower-like, located in ventricles, produce & secrete CSF

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45
Q

What is a unique feature of the venous system of brain?

A

no valves, require gravity for drainage

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46
Q

Which arteries supply the anterior portion of brain?

A

common carotids

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47
Q

Which artery supplies the posterior portion of brain?

A

basilar artery

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48
Q

What is the circle of willis?

A

allows blood to circulate from 1 hemisphere to the other, safety valve to protect from occlusion & differential pressure

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49
Q

What forms the COW?

A

basilar artery & internal carotids

50
Q

What are gyrus?

A

convolutions (folds) that increase surface area

51
Q

Describe the cerebrum: function & anatomy

A

function: contains nerve centers associated with sensory, motor, and higher mental functions
anatomy: largest part of brain, divided into 2 hemispheres, each with 4 lobes

52
Q

What are the 4 pairs of lobes called?

A

frontal, parietal, temporal & occipital

53
Q

describe the frontal lobes:

A

contra-lateral, controls gross motor function, memory, higher cognitive function (problem solving), judgement & contains Broca’s area

54
Q

What is Broca’s area?

A

controls expressive speech, located in the frontal lobe

55
Q

What does damage to the frontal lobe cause?

A

difficulty forming words- called expressive aphasia

56
Q

describe the parietal lobes:

A

primary sensory area, interprets sensory thought, controls body & spatial awareness

57
Q

describe temporal lobes:

A

controls auditory reception, contains wernicke’s area

58
Q

What is Wernicke’s area?

A

reception of speech, understanding written and spoken language, located in temporal lobe

59
Q

what does damage to temporal lobes cause?

A

receptive aphasia

60
Q

Describe the occipital lobes:

A

visual center

61
Q

What are basal ganglia?

A

clumps of neurons in the base of brain responsible for initiation, execution & completion of voluntary movement

62
Q

What makes up the diencephalons?

A

the thalmus, hypothalmus & limbic system

63
Q

What does the medulla oblongata control?

A

body rhythms - respirations, BP, HR

64
Q

What does the cerebellum control?

A

fine motor movements, balance & stability

65
Q

What are the steps involved in a monosynaptic reflex?

A

receptor organ detects stimulus
sensory neuron is activated
information is processed in the spinal cord
motor neuron is activated , reflex occurs
NO BRAIN INVOLVEMENT

66
Q

Which tracts carry sensory input to the brain?

A

ascending tracts

67
Q

What does the dorsal column carry?

A

impulses of position sense, deep touch, vibration, pressure, kinesthesia

68
Q

What does the spinocerebellar tract control?

A

muscle tension and body position

69
Q

What do the spinothalmic tracts control?

A

pain & temperature

70
Q

What do upper and lower motor neurons carry?

A

efferent messages that affects skeletal muscle

71
Q

Where are UMN located?

A

in cerebral cortex

72
Q

what do LMN connect?

A

connect CNS to muscle

73
Q

What is the 1st & most important assessment during an evaluation of mental status

A

Level of consciousness

74
Q

How do you test cerebellar function?

A 
voluntary motor movement/ balance:
touch finger to nose
finger to examiner finger
rapid alternating movements
walk heel to toe
romberg's test
run heel down shit bilat
75
Q

What is a Romberg’s test?

A

stand feet together, arms by side, eyes closed. if swaying observed = positive romberg’s

76
Q

What do u test if superficial pain response is diminished?

A

temperature sensitivity

77
Q

Which lobe is responsible for 2 point discrimination?

A

parietal

78
Q

What is sterognosis?

A

ability to identify familiar objects using touch only

79
Q

What is astereognosis?

A

inability to identify familiar objects using touch only

80
Q

what is graphesthesia?

A

ability to identify letter or numbers when traced on palm of hand (eyes closed)

81
Q

When testing reflexes, which number is normal?

A

2 (lower = diminished, higher = exaggerated)

82
Q

What is clonus?

A

rhythmic oscillation that continues after a reflex has been activated

83
Q

What is a neuro check?

A

shortened version of a full neuro exam, used for quick assessment & to identify changes and detect trends

84
Q

What is the most sensitive indicator of neuro changes?

A

LOC

85
Q

What criteria does glascow coma scale use to score?

A

eye opening, best motor & best verbal response. (lower number = worse)

86
Q

What is decortication?

A

abnormal flexion response, spontaneously or with stimulus, sensory/motor cortex dysfunction (above the brain stem)

87
Q

what is decerebration?

A

abnormal extension response (brain stem dysfunction)

88
Q

NIH stroke scale: do you want high or low # ?

A

low # = better

89
Q

What is cerebral angiography?

A

x-ray examination of cerebral vasculature using contrast medium, must be NPO prior

90
Q

What are head CTs used for?

A

uses radiation to visualize changes in tissue density & abnormalities in size, shape & location of structures. Can detect edema, infarction, growths, clots, bleeding & skull fx

91
Q

What is the Dx test of choice for neuro disorders?

A

MRI

92
Q

What is MRA?

A

magnetic resonance angiography, shows vasculature of brain

93
Q

What is a myelogram?

A

visualization of spinal column & subarachnoid space using a contrast agent

94
Q

what is CSF analysis?

A

cerebrospinal fluid analysis, obtained via lumbar puncture, below L3

95
Q

what is Electroencephalography?

A

Electrodes places on scalp with paste, electrical activity is recorded

96
Q

What does EEG diagnose?

A

seizures, brain death, sleep disorders

97
Q

What is EMG?

A

electromyography, needle electrodes are inserted into the muscle to evaluate nerve conduction, PAINFUL

98
Q

What are evoked potentials?

A

evaluates impulse transmission & brain function by stimulating an impulse

99
Q

What are 3 types of evoked potentials?

A

visual, auditory, somatosensory

100
Q

What is PET?

A

positron emission tomography, provides 3D image to evaluate brain function

101
Q

What is doppler imaging?

A

U/S and pulsed doppler combined to evaluate blood flow velocity in the carotid arteries.

102
Q

What is transcranial doppler?

A

image flow velocity of intracranial blood vessels through thin areas of skull on temporal & occipital bones

103
Q

What makes up the external ear?

A

the auricle (pinna) and the external auditory canal

104
Q

What is cerumen?

A

ear wax

105
Q

What is the ear drum?

A

the tympanic membrane

106
Q

What is the function of the eustachian tube?

A

equalize pressure

107
Q

What are the 3 ossicles?

A

3 bones of middle ear: incus, malleus & stapies

108
Q

What is the equilibrium organ?

A

semicircular canals

109
Q

What is the receptor organ for sounds?

A

cochlea

110
Q

explain air conduction:

A

sound waves are transmitted through the air & picked up by the outer ear, waves cause the tympanic membrane to vibrate, which moves the ossicles, oval window pushes in and out and inner ear fluid makes waves, tiny hair cells move which stimulates a nerve impulse

111
Q

How is sound measured?

A 
dB= volume
Htz= pitch
112
Q

explain bone conduction:

A

sound transmitted directly from skull to the fluids in the inner ear, bypasses external & middle ear

113
Q

What is nystagmus?

A

blurry vision

114
Q

what is vertigo?

A

sensation of moving or spinning

115
Q

What is presbycusis?

A

hearing loss associated with aging R/T ear structure changes

116
Q

What is a Rinne test?

A

vibrating fork placed first on pt mastoid bone, when pt indicates they can no longer hear it, it is moved a few inches from pinna. AC should be > BC

117
Q

What is a positive rinne test?

negative?

A 
positive = AC > BC means sensorineural hearing loss
negative = BC > AC means conductive hearing loss
118
Q

What is a Weber test?

A

stem of activated tuning fork is place on center of skull

119
Q

How do you interpret a weber test?

A

normal= heard equally in both ears
conductive hearing loss= lateralizes to poor ear
senosorineural hearing loss= lateralizes to good ear

120
Q

What is the most important tool for Dxing hearing loss?

A

audiometry

Nursing 102 (9 decks)

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