Reproductive System Flashcards
the function of the female reproductive system is to ensure continuity of the _.
Genetic code
it produces eggs, or female _, which each may unite with a male gamete to form the first cell of an offspring.
Gametes
it can also provide _ and protection to the offspring.
Nutrition
reproductive organs are classified as _ or accessory.
Essential
the essential organs are the female gonads, the _.
Ovaries
internal _ that ended from the ovaries to the exterior are _.
Genitals; vulva
external genitals are the _.
Vulva
additional _ such as the mammary glands.
Sex glands
the perineum is the skin covered region between the _ orifice and the rectum.
Vaginal
this area may be _ during childbirth.
Ripped
the ovaries are _ glands located on each side of the uterus, below and behind the uterine tubes.
Nodular
_ pregnancy is the development of the fetus in a place other than the uterus.
Ectopic
the surface of the ovaries is covered by the _ epithelium.
Germinal
ovarian _ contain the developing female sex cells.
Follicles
ovum is an _ released from the ovary.
Oocyte
ovaries produce _ (the female gametes)
Ova
_ is the process that results in formation of a mature egg.
Oogenisis
the ovaries are endocrine organs that secrete the female _ hormones estrogen and progesterone.
Sex
the uterus is pear shaped and has two main parts: the _ and the body.
Cervix
the wall of the uterus is composed of three layers: the inner _, the middle myometrium, and the outer layer of parietal peritonium.
Endometrium
cavities of the uterus are small because of the _ of the uterine walls.
Thickness
the blood to the uterus is supplied by _ arteries.
Uterine
the uterus is located in the pelvic cavity between the urinary _ and the rectum.
Bladder
the _ of the uterus is altered by age, pregnancy, and distension of related pelvic viscera.
Position
the uterus _, between birth and puberty, from the lower abdomen to the true pelvis.
Descends
the uterus begins to decrease in size at _.
Menopause
_ lies flexed over the bladder.
Body
cervix points downward and backward, joining the vagina at a _ angle
Right
several _ hold the uterus in place but allow some movement.
Ligaments
the uterus is part of the reproductive tract and permits _ to ascend toward the uterine tubes.
Sperm
if _ occurs, an offspring develops in the uterus.
Conception
the _ is supplied with nutrients by endometrial glands until the production of the placenta.
Embryo
the _ is an organ that permits the exchange of materials between the mother’s blood and the fetal blood but keeps the two circulations separate.
Placenta
_ contractions occur during labor and help push the offspring out of the mother’s body.
Myometeial
if conception does not occur, outer layers of endometrium are shed during _.
Menstration
menstruation is a cyclical event that allows the endometrium to _ itself.
Renew
uterine tubers are also called _ tubes, or oviducts.
Fallopian
uterine tubes consist of mucous, smooth muscle, and _ lining.
Uterine
mucosal lining is directly continuous with the _ lining the pelvic cavity.
Peritoneum
tubal _ is continuous with that of the vagina and uterus, which means it may become infected with organisms introduced into the vagina.
Mucosa
each uterine tube has three divisions: _, amuplla, and infundibulum.
Isthmus
function of the uterine tubes serve as transport channels for ova and as the site of _.
Fertilization
the vagina is a collapsible tube capable of distention, composed of smooth muscle, and lined with mucous membrane arranged in _.
Rugae
the anterior wall is _ that the posterior wall because the cervix protrudes into its uppermost portion.
Shorter
the vagina acts as a receptacle for _.
Semen
the vagina is the lower portion of the _.
Birth canal
the vagina is a transport for tissue _ during menstruation.
Shed
the vulva consists of the female external genitals: mons, pubis, _ majora, labia minora, clitoris, urinary meatus, vaginal orifice, and greater vestibular glands.
Labia
the _ and labia protect the clitoris and vestibule
Mons pubis
the _ contains sensory receptors that send information to the sexual response area of the brain.
clitoris.
the breasts lie over the _ muscles.
Pectoral
_ and progesterone control breast development
Estrogens
breast size is determined by the amount of _ around glandular tissue
Fat
the function of mammary glands is _.
Lactation
the _ hormones make the breasts structurally ready to produce milk
Ovarian
shedding of the placenta results in a decrease of estrogens and thus stimulates _.
Prolactin
prolactin stimulates _
Lactation
lactation can provide nutrient-rich _ to offspring for up to several years from birth; some advantages are: _, passive _ from antibodies present in the milk, emotional _ between mother and child.
Milk; nutrients; immunities; bonding
the female reproductive system has many cyclical changes that start with the beginning of _.
Menses
ovarian cycle- ovaries from birth contain ooctytes in primary follicles in which the _ process has been suspended, at the beginning of mestration each month, several of the oocytes resume meiosis.
Meiotic
_ (endometrial cycle) is divided into four phases.
Menstrual cycle
menses- shedding of the _ lining.
Endometrial
_ phase: end of menses to _, _ phase, high _ due to developing follicle.
Postmenstrual; ovulation; preovulatory; estrogen
ovulation (release of _)
Ovum
_ phase: between ovulation and _ of menses, _ phase, high levels of _.
Premenstrual; onset; postovulatory; progesterone
_ control cyclical changes.
Hormones
cyclical changes in the ovaries result from changes in the _ secreted by the pituitary gland.
Gonadotrophins
cyclical changes in the uterus are caused by changes in estrogens and _.
Progesterone
low levels of FSH and LH cause regression of the _ if pregnancy doesn’t occur. this causes a decrease in ednometrial _ of the menstrual phase
Corpus luteum; sloughing
the ovarian cycle’s primary function is to produce ovum at _.
Regular intervals
its secondary function is to regulate the _ through the estrogen and progesterone.
Endometrial cycle
the function of the endometrial cycle is to make the uterus suitable for _ of a new offspring.
Implantation
menstrual flow begins at puberty, and the menstrual cycle continues for about _ decades.
3-4
dysmenorrhea (_ menstration) is primary _, and not associated with pelvic _.
Painful; dysmenorrhea; disease
dysmenorrhea is often caused by over secretion of uteral _.
Prostaglandins
secondary dysmenorrhea: caused by _ condition like infection, tumor, or structural anomaly.
extenuating
_: absence of normal menstruation
amenorrhea
dysfunctional uterine bleeding: when bleeding results from _ rather than infection or other type disease.
Hormone imbalance
_ disease (PID)
Pelvic inflammatory
_: uterine tube inflammation
Salpingitis
_: inflammation of the ovaries
Oophritis
_
Vaginitis
_: benign tumor of smooth muscle
Myoma
_: _-benign tumor of connective tissues
Fibromyoma; fibroids
_: cells from the lining of the uterus, endometrium, grow outside the uterine cavity, most commonly on the membrane which lines the abdominal cavity, the peritoneum
Endometriosis
_ cancer.
Cervical
Sexually transmitted diseases _.
STD’s
male reproductive system consists of organs whose functions are to produce, transfer, and introduce mature _ into the female reproductive tract where fertilization can occur.
Sperm
male reproductive organs are classified as essential organs for production of _ or accessory organs that support the reproductive process.
Gametes
_ organs are the gonads of the male (testes)
Essential
_ organs of reproduction are _ which convey sperm to outside of the body.
accessory; genital ducts
accessory _ produce secretions that nourish, transport, and mature sperm
Glands
supporting structures (_ and penis)
Scrotum
_ in males is roughly the diamond shaped area between the thighs.
Perineum
several lobules composed of seminiferous tubules and interstitial cells (cells of _)
Leydig
_ in testis open into a plexus which is drained by a series of efferent ducts.
Seminiferous tubules
located in _.
Scrotum
_- formation of mature male gametes (spermatozoa) by seminiferous tubules
Spermatogenisis
secretion of hormone (testosterone) by _.
Interstitial cells
the _ are single tightly _ enclosed in fibrous casting,
Epididymis; coiled tube
the _ lies along _ and side of each testis
Epididymis; top
the _ is a duct for _
Epididymis; seminal fluid
the _ is also _ part of seminal fluid
Epididymis; seminal fluid
sperm become capable of _ while they are passing through the epididymis.
Motility
_ (ductus deferens)
Vas deferens
tube that leaves the _ and extends through _ canal, into abdominal cavity, and then over the top and down the posterior surface of the bladder.
Epididymis
enlarged terminal portion called _ joins duct of seminal vesicle.
Inguinal
one of the _ for the seminal fluid
Excretory ducts
connects epididymis with _.
Ejaculatory du the
ejaculatory duct is formed by union of _ with duct from seminal vesicle.
Vas deferens
passes through _ gland, terminating in urethra,
Prostate
_.
Urethra
_ is convoluted _ on posterior surface of bladder.
Seminal vesicles; pouches
secrete the _ part of seminal fluid (60%)
Viscous
_ encircles _ just below bladder and adds _ secretion to seminal fluid (31%)
Prostate gland; urethra; alkaline
the _ gland is small, _ structure with ducts leading into urethra.
Bulbourtheral; pea shaped
lies_ prostate gland
Below
also secretes an alkaline fluid that is part of semen _.
5%
the scrotum is _ suspended from perineal region.
a skin covered pouch
contains testis, epididymis, and lower part of a _ cord.
Spermatic
_ and _ muscles elevate the scrotal pouch
Dartos; cremaster
_ is composed of three cylindrical masses of _, one of which contains urethra
; Erectile tissue
is the _ for both urinary and reproductive tracts.
Terminal duct
_ is fibrous _ located in inguinal canals
spermatic cords; cylinders
enclose seminal ducts, blood vessels, lymphatics and _.
Nerves
consists of _ from testes, epididymis, seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulborurethral glands.
Secretions
each milliliter contains _ of sperm.
Millions
passes from testes through _, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, and urethra.
Epididymis
male _ is related to many factors, for example sperm number, size, shape, motility and by antibodies some men make against their own sperm.
Infertility
development of organs begins before birth; immature testes _ into scrotum before or shortly after birth.
Descend
at _ high levels of hormones stimulate final stages of development and reproductive functions begin at this time.
Puberty
system operates to permit reproduction until _ old age
Advanced
in late adulthood there is a gradual _ in hormone production that may decrease sexual appetite and fertility.
Decline
infertility ( low ability to reproduce) and _ (inability to reproduce)
Sterility
_- disruption of the sperm-producing function of the seminiferous tubules
Oligospermia
can result from infection, fever, radiation, malnutrition, and _ of the testes.
High temperature
leading cause of _.
Infertility
_- failure of the testes to descend
Cryptorchidism
testicular cancer- most common in men _ years old
20-35
benign prostatic _ - enlargement of the prostate gland
Hypertrophy
prostate _
Cancer
_-foreskin fits too tightly
Phimosis
_- inability to have an erection
Impotence
_- scrotal swelling due to accumulation of fluid
Hydrocele
inguinal hernia- _ protrude into scrotum
Intestines
