Endocrine System Flashcards
the _ and nervous systems function to achieve and maintain homeostasis.
Endocrine
when the two systems work together, referred to as the _ system, they preform the same general functions; communication, integration, and control.
Neuroendocrine
in the endocrine system, secreting cells send hormone molecules via the _ to specific target cells contained in target tissues.
Blood
Hormones are carried to almost every point in the body; can regulate most cells; effects work more _ and last lo ger than those of neurotransmitters.
Slowly
Endocrine glands are “ductless glands”; many are made of glandular epithelium whose cells manufacture and secrete hormones; a few endocrine glands are made of _ tissue.
Neurosecretory
_ of the endocrine system are widely scattered throughout the body.
Glands
_ hormones are hormones that target other endocrine glands and stimulate their growth and secretion.
Tropic
_ hormones are hormones that target reproductive cells.
Sex
_ hormones are hormones that stimulate anabolism in target cells.
Anabolic
There are two hormones that are classified by _ structure; _ and _ hormones.
Chemical; steroid and nonsteroid
Steroid hormones are synthesized from _.
Cholesterol
_ and can easily pass through the phospholipid plasma membrane of target cells.
Lipid-soluble
examples of steroid hormones: _, aldosterone, estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone.
Cortisol
Non-steroid hormones are synthesized primarily from _.
Amino acids
_ are long, folded chains of amino acids; examples are insulin and parathyroid hormone.
Protein hormones
_ hormones are protein hormones with carbohydrate groups attached to the amino acid chain.
Glycoproteins
_ hormones are smaller than protein hormones; short chain of amino acids; examples are oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone.
Peptide
_ hormones are derived from a single amino acid molecule.
Amino acid derivative
_ hormones are derived from a single amino acid molecule.
amino acid derivative
_ hormones are synthesized by modefying a single molecule of _; produced by neurosecretory cells and by neurons; examples are epinephrine and norepinephrine
amine; tyrosine
amino acid derivatives produced by the thyroid gland are synthesized by adding _ to tyrosine.
Iodine
hormones signal a cell by binding to the target cell’s specific receptors in a _ mechanism.
Lock and key
different hormone-receptor interactions produce different _ changes within the target cell through chemical reactions.
Regulatory
_- combinations of hormones acting together have a greater effect on a target cell than the sum of the effects that each would have if acting alone
Synergism
_- when a small amount of one hormone allows a second one to have its full effects on a target cell.
Permissiveness
_- one hormone produces the opposite effects of another hormone; used to _ the activity of target cells with great accuracy.
Antagonism; “fine tune”
Endocrine glands produce _ hormone molecule than actually are needed; the unused hormones are quickly _ by the kidneys or broken down by metabolic processes.
More; excreted
Steroid hormones are lipid-soluble, and their receptors are normally found in the target cell’s _.
Cytosol
Once a steroid hormone molecule has diffused into the target cell. it binds to a receptor molecule to form a _.
Hormone receptor complex
Utilizes the _ hypothesis.
Mobile receptor
Steroid hormones regulate cells by regulating production of certain critical _.
Proteins
The amount of steroid hormone present determines the _ of a target cells response.
Magnitude
Since _ and protein synthesis take time, responses to steroid hormones are often slow.
Transcription
the _ mechanism is AKA the fixed-membrane-receptor hypothesis.
Second messenger
a nonsteroid hormone molecule acts as a “first messenger” and delivers its chemical message to _ receptors in the target cell’s plasma membrane.
Fixed
the “message” is then passed by way of a _ into the cell where a “second messenger” triggers the appropriate cellular changes.
Protein
the effects of the hormone are _ by the cascade of reactions.
amplified
the effects of the hormone are _ by the cascade of reactions.
amplified
there are a variety of second messenger mechanisms; examples are _, cAMP, _, calcium-calmodulin mechanisms
IP3; GMP
the second messenger mechanism opperates much more _ than the steroid mechanism.
Quickly
the _ mechanism.
Nuclear receptor
control of hormonal secretion is usually part of a _ feedback loop and is called endocrine reflexes.
Negative
simplest mechanism is when an endocrine gland is sensitive to the physiological changes produced by its _ cells.
Target
endocrine gland secretion may also be regulated by a hormone produced by another _.
Gland
Endocrine gland secretions may be influenced by _ system input; this fact emphasizes the close functional relationship between the two systems.
Nervous
Endocrine gland secretions may be influenced by _ system input; this fact emphasizes the close functional relationship between the two systems.
Nervous
a _ is a unique group of lipid molecules that serves important and widespread _ functions in the body but do not meet the usual definition of a hormone.
Prostaglandin; integrative
called tissue hormones, since the secretion is produced in a tissue and diffuses only a _ distance to other cells within the same tissue; PG’s tend to integrate activities of neighboring cells.
Short
many structural _ of prostaglandins have been isolated and identified.
Classes
_ has its effect on the body by supressing a type of prostaglandin.
Aspirin
the pituitary gland is AKA the _ gland and called the “master gland”
Hypophysis
the pituitary gland is about an _ across.
Inch
the pituitary gland is located on the _ surface of the brain.
Ventral.
_ is a stemlike stalk that connect pituitary to the hypothalamus
Infindibulum
made up of two separate glands, the _ (anterior pituitary gland) and the neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary gland)
Adenohypophysis
adenohypophysis (_ pituitary)
anterior
two parts of the adenohypophysis: _ forms the major portion of the A and the Pars _.
Pars anterior; intermedia
tissue is composd of irregular clumps of secretory cells supported by fine CT fibers and surrounded by a rich _ network.
Vascular
five functional type of _ exist.
Secretory cells
- _- secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone and melanocyte-stimulating hormone.
Somatrophs
- _- secrete growth hormone.
Corticotrophs
- _- secrete thyroid stimulating hormone.
Thyrotrophs
- _- secrete prolactin
Lactrotrophs
- _- secrete LH and FSH
Gonadotrophs
_ (GH) AKA _ STH.
Growth hormone; somatotropin
promotes growth of bone, muscle, and other tissues by accelerating _ into the cells.
Amino acid transport
GH tends to shift cell chemistry away from glucose catabolism and toward lipid catabolism as an energy source; this leads to increased _ levels.
Blood glucose
GH tends to shift cell chemistry away from glucose catabolism and toward lipid catabolism as an energy source; this leads to increased _ levels.
Blood glucose
GH functions as an _ and is vital to maintaining homeostasis of blood glucose levels.
Insulin antagonist
_ (PRL)
Prolactin
during pregnancy, PRL promotes development of the breasts, anticipating _ secretion.
Milk
after the baby is born, PRL stimulates the mother’s _ glands to produce milk.
Mammary
_ hormones are hormones that have a stimulating effect on other endocrine glands.
Tropic
_ hormone promotes and maintains the growth and development of the thyroid, also causes the thyroid to secrete its hormones.
Thyroid stimulating
_ hormone promotes and maintains normal growth and development of the cortex of the adrenal gland; also stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete some of its hormones.
adrenocorticotropic
_ hormone in the female stimulates primary graafian follicles to grow toward maturity; in male it stimulates the development of the seminiferous tubules of the testes and maintains spermatogenesis
Follicle stimulating
_ hormone in the female stimulates the formation and activity of the corpus luteum of the ovary; corpus luteum secretes progesterone and estrogens when stimulated by LH; in the male it stimulates interstitial cells in the testes to develop and secrete testosterone; FSH and LH are called _ because they stimulate the growth and maitenance of the gonads.
Luteinizing; gonadotrophin
_ stimulating hormone modulates the pigmentation of normal skin.
Melanocyte
_ secretes releasing hormones into the blood, which are then carried to the hypophseal portal system.
Hypothalamus
_ carries blood from the hypothalamus directly to the adenohyphphysis where the target cells of the releasing hormones are located,
Hypophyseal portal system
_ (posterior pituitary) serves as storage and release site for antidiuretic hormone and _, which are synthesizes in the hypothalamus.
Neurobypophysis
Release of ADH and OT into the blood is controlled by nervous _.
stimulation
_ hormone (ADH) prevents the formation of a large volume of urine, thereby helping the body _ water.
Antidiuretic
ADH causes kidney tubules to _ water from the urine it has formed.
Conserve
Oxytocin (OT) causes milk ejection from the lactating breast; regulated by _ freed back mechanism; PRL coop rates with oxytocin
Positive
OT stimulates contraction of _ muscles that occurs during childbirth; regulated by positive feedback mechanism
Uterine
OT has been linked to _.
Orgasm
The _ gland is a member of the nervous system since is receives _ stimuli and also a member of the endocrine system since it _ hormones.
Pineal; visual; secretes
Pineal gland supports the body’s _.
Biological clock
Principal pineal secretion is _.
Melatonin
The thyroid gland is made of up two large lateral _ and a narrow connecting _.
Lobes; isthmus
the thyroid gland is composed of _.
Follicles
there is a small hollow of _.
Spheres
the thyroid is filled with thyroid colloid that contains _.
thyroglobulus.
tetraiodothyronine (T4) or _ contains four iodine atons; approximatley 20 times more abundant T3; major importance is as precursor to T3.
thyroxine.
_ (T3) contains three iodine atoms; considered to be the principal thyroid hormone; T3 binds efficiently to nuclear receptors in target cells.
triiodothyronine
T3 and T4 are attached to _ molecules, forming thyroglobin complexes.
globulin
on release, T3 and T4 detach from globulin and enter the _.
blood stream.
once in the blood, T3 and T4 attach to _ and travel as a hormone-globulin complex.
plasma globulins.
thyroid hormone helps regulate the _ of all cells and cell growth and tissue differentiation.
metabolicrate
_ is produced by thyroid gland in the _ cells.
calcitonin; parafolicular
influences the processing of calcium by bone cells by _ blood calcium levels and promoting conservation of hard bone matrix.
decreasing
Parathyroid glands are _ in the posterior surface of the thyroid and form compact, irregular rows.
embedded
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is an _ to calcitonin and acts to maintain calcium homeostasis.
antagonist.
PTH acts on bone, _, and _ cells.
Kidney; intestinal
causes more bone to be _, releasing calcium into the bloodstream.
dissolved
causes increased intestinal absorption of calcium by activating _.
vitamin D.
the adrenal glands are located on top of the _, fitting like caps.
kidneys.
the adrenal glands are located on top of the _, fitting like caps.
kidneys.
the adrenal glands are made up of two portions, the adrenal cortex, which is composed of _ tissue, and the adrenal medulla, composed of _ tissue.
endocrine; neurosecretory
adrenal cortex- all cortical hormones are steroids and known as _.
corticosteroids.
there are _ levels of secreting cells.
three
the first layer of secreting cells is the _- it is the outermost layer, secretes mineralocorticoids.
zona glomerulosa
the second layer of secreting cells is the _- middle layer, secretes glucocorticoids.
zona faciculate
the third layer of secreting cells is the _- inner layer, primarily secretes gonadocorticoids.
zona reticularis
_ have an important role in the regulatory process of sodium in the body.
mineralocorticoids
_ is only physiologically important mineralcorticoid in the human; primary functionis maintenance of sodium homeostasis in the blood by increasing sodium reabsorpstion in the _.
Aldosterone; kidneys.
aldosterone secretion is controlled by the _ mechanism.
rennin-angiotensin.
main glucocotricoids are cortisol, _ and corticosterone .
cortisone
glucocorticoids affect _ cell in the body.
every
are protein mobilizing _ and hyperglycemic.
gluconeogenic.
tend to cause a shift from carbohydrate catabolism to _ catabolism as an energy source.
lipid
high blood concentration causes marked _ of lymphatic tissues and chronic levels can _ immune system.
atrophy; supress
act with _ to bring about normal recovery from injury produced by inflammatory agents.
epinephrine
secretion increases in response to _.
stress
_- sex hormones that are released from the adrenal cortex.
gonadocorticoids.
neurosecretory tissue- tissue composed of _ specialized to secrete their products into the blood.
neurons
adrenal medulla secretes two important hormones; epinephrine and _; they are part of the coclass of nonsteroid hormones called _.
norepinephrine; catecholamines
both hormones bind to the receptors and enhance the effects of _ stimulation by the ANS.
sympathetic.
pancreatic islets are composed of endocrine and _ tissues.
exocrine
pancreatic islets (islets of _), endocrine portion.
langerhans.
_- exocrine portion that secretes digestive enzymes into the small intestine.
acini.
pancreatic islets- each islet contains four primary types of endocrine glands joined by _.
gap junctions.
pancreatic islets- each islet contains four primary types of endocrine glands joined by _.
gap junctions.
alpha cells secrete _ which increases blood glucose levels.
glucagon
beta cells secrete ) and ) which help to decrease blood sugar levels; account for up to 75% of all pancreatic islet cells.
insulin and amylin
_ secrete somatostatin which helps regulate pancreatic endocrine cells.
delta cells
_ cells secrete pancreatic polypeptides that influence digestion and distribution of food molecules.
pancreatic polypeptide
pancreatic hormones work as a team to maintain _ of food molecules
homesostasis.
_- testosterone is produced by the interstitial cells and responsible for the growth and maintenance of male sexual characteristics
testes
_- steroid hormones secreted by ovarian follicles; promotes developmentand maitenance of female sexual characteristics.
estrogens
_- secreted by corpus luteum; maintains the lining of the uterus necessary for successful pregnancy,
progesterone
tissues that form on the lining of the uterus as a connection between the _ systems of the mother and developing child.
circulatory
the placenta serves as a temporary endocrine gland that produces _.
human chronic gonadotropin
thymus gland is located in the _ just beneath the sternum
mediastienum
thymus is large in children, begins to atrophy at puberty and by old age, the gland is a _ of fat and fibrous tissue.
vestige
considered to be primarily a lymphatic organ but the hormone _ has been isolated from thymus tissue.
thymosin
thymosin stimulates _ of cells
development
the mucous lining of the GI tract contains cells that produce both _ and exocrine secretions
endocrine
GI hormones such as gastrin, secretin, and cholecystokinin play regulatory roles in coordinating the secretory and motor activities involved in the _ process.
digestive
the heart has a secondary _;
endocrine role
the heart produces _ hormone.
atrial natiuretic
ANH’s primary effect is to _ increases in blood volumes and blood pressure by increasing urination and water loss; is an antagonist to ADH and aldosterone.
oppose
endocrine regulation begins in the _.
womb
many active hormones are active from birth, there is evidence that a hormonal signal from fetus to mother signals the onset of _/
labor
many active hormones are active from birth, there is evidence that a hormonal signal from fetus to mother signals the onset of _.
labor
hormones related to _ begin at puberty
reproduction
secretion of male reproductive hormones is _ from puberty, slight decline in late adulthood.
continuous
secretion of female reproductive hormones declines suddenly and completley in middle adulthood.(_)
menopause
nearly every process in the human organism is kept in _ by the intricate interaction of different nerouce and endocrine regulatory chemicals.
balance
the endocrine system operates with _ system to finely adjust most human processes
nervous
_ is high hormone levels
hypersecretion
in hypersecretion, there is abnormal _ of endocrine cells, _, and _ mechanism failure.
proliferation; autoimmunity; feedback
_ is low hormone levels
hyposecretion
hyposecretion, there are endocrine _, _ feedback look function, _function abnormality, and target cell _ to tropic hormones.
tumors; abnormal; immune; insensitivity
