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Anatomy > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

the _ and nervous systems function to achieve and maintain homeostasis.

A

Endocrine

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2
Q

when the two systems work together, referred to as the _ system, they preform the same general functions; communication, integration, and control.

A

Neuroendocrine

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3
Q

in the endocrine system, secreting cells send hormone molecules via the _ to specific target cells contained in target tissues.

A

Blood

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4
Q

Hormones are carried to almost every point in the body; can regulate most cells; effects work more _ and last lo ger than those of neurotransmitters.

A

Slowly

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5
Q

Endocrine glands are “ductless glands”; many are made of glandular epithelium whose cells manufacture and secrete hormones; a few endocrine glands are made of _ tissue.

A

Neurosecretory

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6
Q

_ of the endocrine system are widely scattered throughout the body.

A

Glands

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7
Q

_ hormones are hormones that target other endocrine glands and stimulate their growth and secretion.

A

Tropic

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8
Q

_ hormones are hormones that target reproductive cells.

A

Sex

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9
Q

_ hormones are hormones that stimulate anabolism in target cells.

A

Anabolic

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10
Q

There are two hormones that are classified by _ structure; _ and _ hormones.

A

Chemical; steroid and nonsteroid

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11
Q

Steroid hormones are synthesized from _.

A

Cholesterol

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12
Q

_ and can easily pass through the phospholipid plasma membrane of target cells.

A

Lipid-soluble

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13
Q

examples of steroid hormones: _, aldosterone, estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone.

A

Cortisol

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14
Q

Non-steroid hormones are synthesized primarily from _.

A

Amino acids

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15
Q

_ are long, folded chains of amino acids; examples are insulin and parathyroid hormone.

A

Protein hormones

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16
Q

_ hormones are protein hormones with carbohydrate groups attached to the amino acid chain.

A

Glycoproteins

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17
Q

_ hormones are smaller than protein hormones; short chain of amino acids; examples are oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone.

A

Peptide

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18
Q

_ hormones are derived from a single amino acid molecule.

A

Amino acid derivative

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19
Q

_ hormones are derived from a single amino acid molecule.

A

amino acid derivative

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20
Q

_ hormones are synthesized by modefying a single molecule of _; produced by neurosecretory cells and by neurons; examples are epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

amine; tyrosine

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21
Q

amino acid derivatives produced by the thyroid gland are synthesized by adding _ to tyrosine.

A

Iodine

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22
Q

hormones signal a cell by binding to the target cell’s specific receptors in a _ mechanism.

A

Lock and key

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23
Q

different hormone-receptor interactions produce different _ changes within the target cell through chemical reactions.

A

Regulatory

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24
Q

_- combinations of hormones acting together have a greater effect on a target cell than the sum of the effects that each would have if acting alone

A

Synergism

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25
Q

_- when a small amount of one hormone allows a second one to have its full effects on a target cell.

A

Permissiveness

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26
Q

_- one hormone produces the opposite effects of another hormone; used to _ the activity of target cells with great accuracy.

A

Antagonism; “fine tune”

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27
Q

Endocrine glands produce _ hormone molecule than actually are needed; the unused hormones are quickly _ by the kidneys or broken down by metabolic processes.

A

More; excreted

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28
Q

Steroid hormones are lipid-soluble, and their receptors are normally found in the target cell’s _.

A

Cytosol

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29
Q

Once a steroid hormone molecule has diffused into the target cell. it binds to a receptor molecule to form a _.

A

Hormone receptor complex

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30
Q

Utilizes the _ hypothesis.

A

Mobile receptor

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31
Q

Steroid hormones regulate cells by regulating production of certain critical _.

A

Proteins

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32
Q

The amount of steroid hormone present determines the _ of a target cells response.

A

Magnitude

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33
Q

Since _ and protein synthesis take time, responses to steroid hormones are often slow.

A

Transcription

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34
Q

the _ mechanism is AKA the fixed-membrane-receptor hypothesis.

A

Second messenger

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35
Q

a nonsteroid hormone molecule acts as a “first messenger” and delivers its chemical message to _ receptors in the target cell’s plasma membrane.

A

Fixed

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36
Q

the “message” is then passed by way of a _ into the cell where a “second messenger” triggers the appropriate cellular changes.

A

Protein

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37
Q

the effects of the hormone are _ by the cascade of reactions.

A

amplified

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38
Q

the effects of the hormone are _ by the cascade of reactions.

A

amplified

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39
Q

there are a variety of second messenger mechanisms; examples are _, cAMP, _, calcium-calmodulin mechanisms

A

IP3; GMP

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40
Q

the second messenger mechanism opperates much more _ than the steroid mechanism.

A

Quickly

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41
Q

the _ mechanism.

A

Nuclear receptor

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42
Q

control of hormonal secretion is usually part of a _ feedback loop and is called endocrine reflexes.

A

Negative

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43
Q

simplest mechanism is when an endocrine gland is sensitive to the physiological changes produced by its _ cells.

A

Target

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44
Q

endocrine gland secretion may also be regulated by a hormone produced by another _.

A

Gland

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45
Q

Endocrine gland secretions may be influenced by _ system input; this fact emphasizes the close functional relationship between the two systems.

A

Nervous

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46
Q

Endocrine gland secretions may be influenced by _ system input; this fact emphasizes the close functional relationship between the two systems.

A

Nervous

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47
Q

a _ is a unique group of lipid molecules that serves important and widespread _ functions in the body but do not meet the usual definition of a hormone.

A

Prostaglandin; integrative

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48
Q

called tissue hormones, since the secretion is produced in a tissue and diffuses only a _ distance to other cells within the same tissue; PG’s tend to integrate activities of neighboring cells.

A

Short

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49
Q

many structural _ of prostaglandins have been isolated and identified.

A

Classes

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50
Q

_ has its effect on the body by supressing a type of prostaglandin.

A

Aspirin

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51
Q

the pituitary gland is AKA the _ gland and called the “master gland”

A

Hypophysis

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52
Q

the pituitary gland is about an _ across.

A

Inch

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53
Q

the pituitary gland is located on the _ surface of the brain.

A

Ventral.

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54
Q

_ is a stemlike stalk that connect pituitary to the hypothalamus

A

Infindibulum

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55
Q

made up of two separate glands, the _ (anterior pituitary gland) and the neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary gland)

A

Adenohypophysis

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56
Q

adenohypophysis (_ pituitary)

A

anterior

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57
Q

two parts of the adenohypophysis: _ forms the major portion of the A and the Pars _.

A

Pars anterior; intermedia

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58
Q

tissue is composd of irregular clumps of secretory cells supported by fine CT fibers and surrounded by a rich _ network.

A

Vascular

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59
Q

five functional type of _ exist.

A

Secretory cells

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60
Q
  1. _- secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone and melanocyte-stimulating hormone.
A

Somatrophs

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61
Q
  1. _- secrete growth hormone.
A

Corticotrophs

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62
Q
  1. _- secrete thyroid stimulating hormone.
A

Thyrotrophs

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63
Q
  1. _- secrete prolactin
A

Lactrotrophs

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64
Q
  1. _- secrete LH and FSH
A

Gonadotrophs

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65
Q

_ (GH) AKA _ STH.

A

Growth hormone; somatotropin

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66
Q

promotes growth of bone, muscle, and other tissues by accelerating _ into the cells.

A

Amino acid transport

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67
Q

GH tends to shift cell chemistry away from glucose catabolism and toward lipid catabolism as an energy source; this leads to increased _ levels.

A

Blood glucose

68
Q

GH tends to shift cell chemistry away from glucose catabolism and toward lipid catabolism as an energy source; this leads to increased _ levels.

A

Blood glucose

69
Q

GH functions as an _ and is vital to maintaining homeostasis of blood glucose levels.

A

Insulin antagonist

70
Q

_ (PRL)

A

Prolactin

71
Q

during pregnancy, PRL promotes development of the breasts, anticipating _ secretion.

A

Milk

72
Q

after the baby is born, PRL stimulates the mother’s _ glands to produce milk.

A

Mammary

73
Q

_ hormones are hormones that have a stimulating effect on other endocrine glands.

A

Tropic

74
Q

_ hormone promotes and maintains the growth and development of the thyroid, also causes the thyroid to secrete its hormones.

A

Thyroid stimulating

75
Q

_ hormone promotes and maintains normal growth and development of the cortex of the adrenal gland; also stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete some of its hormones.

A

adrenocorticotropic

76
Q

_ hormone in the female stimulates primary graafian follicles to grow toward maturity; in male it stimulates the development of the seminiferous tubules of the testes and maintains spermatogenesis

A

Follicle stimulating

77
Q

_ hormone in the female stimulates the formation and activity of the corpus luteum of the ovary; corpus luteum secretes progesterone and estrogens when stimulated by LH; in the male it stimulates interstitial cells in the testes to develop and secrete testosterone; FSH and LH are called _ because they stimulate the growth and maitenance of the gonads.

A

Luteinizing; gonadotrophin

78
Q

_ stimulating hormone modulates the pigmentation of normal skin.

A

Melanocyte

79
Q

_ secretes releasing hormones into the blood, which are then carried to the hypophseal portal system.

A

Hypothalamus

80
Q

_ carries blood from the hypothalamus directly to the adenohyphphysis where the target cells of the releasing hormones are located,

A

Hypophyseal portal system

81
Q

_ (posterior pituitary) serves as storage and release site for antidiuretic hormone and _, which are synthesizes in the hypothalamus.

A

Neurobypophysis

82
Q

Release of ADH and OT into the blood is controlled by nervous _.

A

stimulation

83
Q

_ hormone (ADH) prevents the formation of a large volume of urine, thereby helping the body _ water.

A

Antidiuretic

84
Q

ADH causes kidney tubules to _ water from the urine it has formed.

A

Conserve

85
Q

Oxytocin (OT) causes milk ejection from the lactating breast; regulated by _ freed back mechanism; PRL coop rates with oxytocin

A

Positive

86
Q

OT stimulates contraction of _ muscles that occurs during childbirth; regulated by positive feedback mechanism

A

Uterine

87
Q

OT has been linked to _.

A

Orgasm

88
Q

The _ gland is a member of the nervous system since is receives _ stimuli and also a member of the endocrine system since it _ hormones.

A

Pineal; visual; secretes

89
Q

Pineal gland supports the body’s _.

A

Biological clock

90
Q

Principal pineal secretion is _.

A

Melatonin

91
Q

The thyroid gland is made of up two large lateral _ and a narrow connecting _.

A

Lobes; isthmus

92
Q

the thyroid gland is composed of _.

A

Follicles

93
Q

there is a small hollow of _.

A

Spheres

94
Q

the thyroid is filled with thyroid colloid that contains _.

A

thyroglobulus.

95
Q

tetraiodothyronine (T4) or _ contains four iodine atons; approximatley 20 times more abundant T3; major importance is as precursor to T3.

A

thyroxine.

96
Q

_ (T3) contains three iodine atoms; considered to be the principal thyroid hormone; T3 binds efficiently to nuclear receptors in target cells.

A

triiodothyronine

97
Q

T3 and T4 are attached to _ molecules, forming thyroglobin complexes.

A

globulin

98
Q

on release, T3 and T4 detach from globulin and enter the _.

A

blood stream.

99
Q

once in the blood, T3 and T4 attach to _ and travel as a hormone-globulin complex.

A

plasma globulins.

100
Q

thyroid hormone helps regulate the _ of all cells and cell growth and tissue differentiation.

A

metabolicrate

101
Q

_ is produced by thyroid gland in the _ cells.

A

calcitonin; parafolicular

102
Q

influences the processing of calcium by bone cells by _ blood calcium levels and promoting conservation of hard bone matrix.

A

decreasing

103
Q

Parathyroid glands are _ in the posterior surface of the thyroid and form compact, irregular rows.

A

embedded

104
Q

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is an _ to calcitonin and acts to maintain calcium homeostasis.

A

antagonist.

105
Q

PTH acts on bone, _, and _ cells.

A

Kidney; intestinal

106
Q

causes more bone to be _, releasing calcium into the bloodstream.

A

dissolved

107
Q

causes increased intestinal absorption of calcium by activating _.

A

vitamin D.

108
Q

the adrenal glands are located on top of the _, fitting like caps.

A

kidneys.

109
Q

the adrenal glands are located on top of the _, fitting like caps.

A

kidneys.

110
Q

the adrenal glands are made up of two portions, the adrenal cortex, which is composed of _ tissue, and the adrenal medulla, composed of _ tissue.

A

endocrine; neurosecretory

111
Q

adrenal cortex- all cortical hormones are steroids and known as _.

A

corticosteroids.

112
Q

there are _ levels of secreting cells.

A

three

113
Q

the first layer of secreting cells is the _- it is the outermost layer, secretes mineralocorticoids.

A

zona glomerulosa

114
Q

the second layer of secreting cells is the _- middle layer, secretes glucocorticoids.

A

zona faciculate

115
Q

the third layer of secreting cells is the _- inner layer, primarily secretes gonadocorticoids.

A

zona reticularis

116
Q

_ have an important role in the regulatory process of sodium in the body.

A

mineralocorticoids

117
Q

_ is only physiologically important mineralcorticoid in the human; primary functionis maintenance of sodium homeostasis in the blood by increasing sodium reabsorpstion in the _.

A

Aldosterone; kidneys.

118
Q

aldosterone secretion is controlled by the _ mechanism.

A

rennin-angiotensin.

119
Q

main glucocotricoids are cortisol, _ and corticosterone .

A

cortisone

120
Q

glucocorticoids affect _ cell in the body.

A

every

121
Q

are protein mobilizing _ and hyperglycemic.

A

gluconeogenic.

122
Q

tend to cause a shift from carbohydrate catabolism to _ catabolism as an energy source.

A

lipid

123
Q

high blood concentration causes marked _ of lymphatic tissues and chronic levels can _ immune system.

A

atrophy; supress

124
Q

act with _ to bring about normal recovery from injury produced by inflammatory agents.

A

epinephrine

125
Q

secretion increases in response to _.

A

stress

126
Q

_- sex hormones that are released from the adrenal cortex.

A

gonadocorticoids.

127
Q

neurosecretory tissue- tissue composed of _ specialized to secrete their products into the blood.

A

neurons

128
Q

adrenal medulla secretes two important hormones; epinephrine and _; they are part of the coclass of nonsteroid hormones called _.

A

norepinephrine; catecholamines

129
Q

both hormones bind to the receptors and enhance the effects of _ stimulation by the ANS.

A

sympathetic.

130
Q

pancreatic islets are composed of endocrine and _ tissues.

A

exocrine

131
Q

pancreatic islets (islets of _), endocrine portion.

A

langerhans.

132
Q

_- exocrine portion that secretes digestive enzymes into the small intestine.

A

acini.

133
Q

pancreatic islets- each islet contains four primary types of endocrine glands joined by _.

A

gap junctions.

134
Q

pancreatic islets- each islet contains four primary types of endocrine glands joined by _.

A

gap junctions.

135
Q

alpha cells secrete _ which increases blood glucose levels.

A

glucagon

136
Q

beta cells secrete ) and ) which help to decrease blood sugar levels; account for up to 75% of all pancreatic islet cells.

A

insulin and amylin

137
Q

_ secrete somatostatin which helps regulate pancreatic endocrine cells.

A

delta cells

138
Q

_ cells secrete pancreatic polypeptides that influence digestion and distribution of food molecules.

A

pancreatic polypeptide

139
Q

pancreatic hormones work as a team to maintain _ of food molecules

A

homesostasis.

140
Q

_- testosterone is produced by the interstitial cells and responsible for the growth and maintenance of male sexual characteristics

A

testes

141
Q

_- steroid hormones secreted by ovarian follicles; promotes developmentand maitenance of female sexual characteristics.

A

estrogens

142
Q

_- secreted by corpus luteum; maintains the lining of the uterus necessary for successful pregnancy,

A

progesterone

143
Q

tissues that form on the lining of the uterus as a connection between the _ systems of the mother and developing child.

A

circulatory

144
Q

the placenta serves as a temporary endocrine gland that produces _.

A

human chronic gonadotropin

145
Q

thymus gland is located in the _ just beneath the sternum

A

mediastienum

146
Q

thymus is large in children, begins to atrophy at puberty and by old age, the gland is a _ of fat and fibrous tissue.

A

vestige

147
Q

considered to be primarily a lymphatic organ but the hormone _ has been isolated from thymus tissue.

A

thymosin

148
Q

thymosin stimulates _ of cells

A

development

149
Q

the mucous lining of the GI tract contains cells that produce both _ and exocrine secretions

A

endocrine

150
Q

GI hormones such as gastrin, secretin, and cholecystokinin play regulatory roles in coordinating the secretory and motor activities involved in the _ process.

A

digestive

151
Q

the heart has a secondary _;

A

endocrine role

152
Q

the heart produces _ hormone.

A

atrial natiuretic

153
Q

ANH’s primary effect is to _ increases in blood volumes and blood pressure by increasing urination and water loss; is an antagonist to ADH and aldosterone.

A

oppose

154
Q

endocrine regulation begins in the _.

A

womb

155
Q

many active hormones are active from birth, there is evidence that a hormonal signal from fetus to mother signals the onset of _/

A

labor

156
Q

many active hormones are active from birth, there is evidence that a hormonal signal from fetus to mother signals the onset of _.

A

labor

157
Q

hormones related to _ begin at puberty

A

reproduction

158
Q

secretion of male reproductive hormones is _ from puberty, slight decline in late adulthood.

A

continuous

159
Q

secretion of female reproductive hormones declines suddenly and completley in middle adulthood.(_)

A

menopause

160
Q

nearly every process in the human organism is kept in _ by the intricate interaction of different nerouce and endocrine regulatory chemicals.

A

balance

161
Q

the endocrine system operates with _ system to finely adjust most human processes

A

nervous

162
Q

_ is high hormone levels

A

hypersecretion

163
Q

in hypersecretion, there is abnormal _ of endocrine cells, _, and _ mechanism failure.

A

proliferation; autoimmunity; feedback

164
Q

_ is low hormone levels

A

hyposecretion

165
Q

hyposecretion, there are endocrine _, _ feedback look function, _function abnormality, and target cell _ to tropic hormones.

A

tumors; abnormal; immune; insensitivity

Anatomy (9 decks)

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