Blood Lecture Flashcards
_ is a major body fluid. (_ constitutes 55 percent of all blood)
Plasma.
_ is dependent on continual transportation of substances to and from cells.
Homeostasis.
_ are the blood cells. (_ constitute 45 percent of all blood.
Formed elements.
_ liters in females and _ liters in males.
4-5 and 5-6.
1 unit = _ liters.
0.5.
Blood volume per pound of body weight varies _ with the amount of excess body fat.
Inversely.
The _ method of measuring blood volume is only done in experimental _ and is the _ of all blood.
Direct; Animals; Removal.
The _ method of measuring blood is used for _ and is an injection of known amount of bed blood cells tagged with _.
Indirect; Humans; Radioisotopes.
_ or packed cell volume is the percentage of red blood cells in whole blood.
Hematocrit.
Erythrocytes are _.
Red blood cells.
The nucleus is _ in erythrocytes.
Absent.
Erythrocytes are shaped like a _.
Biconcave disk.
Erythrocytes are _ megameters in diameter.
7.5.
Erythrocytes are billed with _.
Hemaglobin.
Erythrocytes are a _ plasma membrane.
Thin.
_ of blood on average in a human body.
52,000,000 mm cubed.
The main function of red blood cells is to transport _ and _.
Oxygen and carbon dioxide.
There is 200 million to 300 million _ molecules per erythrocyte.
Hemaglobin.
There is _ oxygen molecules carried by each hemaglobin molecule.
4.
There is an average of _ g/100 ml of blood in the human body.
12-16.
_ is less that 10 g/100 ml of hemaglobin in blood.
Anemia.
The formation of red blood cells can also be called _.
Erythropoiesis.
_ stem cells go through stages to form erythrocytes.
Hemopoietic.
Stimulus for increased red blood cell formation is low _ levels in the kidney.
Oxygen.
Low oxygen levels cause the release of _.
Erythropoietin.
Erythropoietin is produced by the _ and _.
Kidney and liver.
Erythropoietin stimulates the _ to produce more red blood cells.
Hemocytoblasts.
Erythrocytes last up to _ days.
120.
Macrophage cells in the liver and spleen _ the old cells.
Phagocytose.
Most components are _.
Recycled.
Another word for white blood cells is _.
Leukocytes.
_ are granules in cytoplasm and lobed nuclei.
Granulocytes.
_ are 70 percent of total white blood cells.
Neutrophils.
Neutrophils increase in numbers during _ infections.
Acute.
_ are 4 percent of circulating white blood cells.
Eosinophils.
Eosinophils increase in number during allergic reactions and parasitic _ infections.
Worms.
_ are less that 1 percent of all white blood cells.
Basophils.
Basophils increase in numbers during _ reactions and periods of inflammation.
Allergic.
_ mean there is no granules in cytoplasm and unlobed nuclei.
Agranulocytes.
_ are 25 percent of all white blood cells.
Lymphocytes.
The two types of lymphocytes that are important in the immune response are the _ and _ lymphocytes.
Thymic and Bursal.
_ lymphocytes are T cells.
Thymic.
_ lymphocytes are B cells.
Bursal.
_ are 3-8 percent of all white blood cells.
Monocytes.
Monocytes become _ in the tissues.
Macrophages.
The normal range of white blood cells numbers in the tissues is _ mm cubed.
5,000 to 9,000.
Hemopoietic stem cells (hemocytoblasts) go through differentiation and then various stages to form each type of _.
White blood cell. Or leukocyte.
Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and some lymphocytes and monocytes develop in _ tissue.
Red marrow.
Most lymphocytes and monocytes develop in _ tissue.
Lymph.
Another word for a platelet is a _.
Thrombocyte.
Thrombocytes are _ mm cubed.
150,000-350,000.
Thrombocytes are _ megameters in diameter.
2-4.
Thrombocytes play a role in _.
Clotting.
Platelets have two roles: _ and _.
Hemostasis and coagulation.
Hemostasis is the stoppage of blood flow via platelet _.
Plugs.
Platelet plugs are formed by platelets _ together.
Sticking.
Coagulation is the formation of _ clots.
Fibrin.
Hemopoietic stem cells (hemocytoblasts) form megakaryoblasts, which form _, which form platelets.
Megakaryocytes.
The average life span of a platelet is _ days.
7.
blood types are the type of _ present on the RBCs.
Agglutenigens.
agglutinogens are _.
Self antigens.
agglutinins are plasma _.
Antibodies.
reactions between agglutinogens and _ of incompatible blood.
agglutinins.
causes the RBCs to _ (stick together).
agglutinate.
in type A, RBC has agglutinogen _.
A.
in type A, plasma has agglutinin _.
Anti B.
in type B, RBC has agglutinogen _ and the plasma has agglutinin _.
B; Anti A.
in type AB RBC has _ agglutinin anti a or anti b.
no.
in type O RBC has _ agglutininogens A or B and plasma has agglutinin _.
no; anti a and anti b.
if mother is _ and has been exposed to rh positive blood her blood will have the _ agglutinin in the plasma.
Rh negative; Anti Rh.
If fetus is _, mother anti Rh agglutinins will pas through the placenta and cause agglutination of fetal RBCs.
Rh positive.
the condition of mothers having different Rh balances than their babies is called _.
Erythroblastosis Fetalis.
plasma is _ percent water, _ percent solutes.
91; 9.
_ such as sodium chloride potassium.
electrolytes.
_; such as _ (7 percent of plasma), nutrients, , gasses and regulatory substances ().
proteins; wastes; hormones.
_ is the liquid of the blood without the clotting factors.
Serum.
Blood clotting is also known as _.
Coagulation.
extrinsic clotting pathway starts with damaged tissue and ends with production of an enzyme named prothrominase. (_).
Prothrombin activator.
intristic clotting pathway starts with damaged endothelial cells contracting platelets and ends with production of _.
prothrombinase.
prothrombin activator converts prothrombin to _.
Thrombin.
thormbin is an enzyme that converts _ to fibrin for the clot.
Fibrinogen.
_ endothelium is harder to clot.
Smooth.
Presence of _ makes it harder to clot.
Antithrombin.
_ places on endothelium make it easier to clot.
Rough.
abnormally _ blood flow makes it easier to clot.
Slow.
clot dissolution is also called _.
Fibrinolysis.
naturally occurring _ can be activated to form plasmin, which disolves clots.
Plasminogen.
bacteria produce _ chemicals to enhance their invasion. these include strepto-kinase and t-PA both of which have medical applications.
clot dissolving.
_ is the loss of total oxygen carrying capacity by the RBC due to either a decrease of hemoglobin or a decrease in RBCs.
Anemia.
_ anemia occurs when the body slows or stops the formation of new RBCs,
Aplastic.
_ anemia is a decrease in RBCs due to B12 deficiency.
Pernicious.
_ deficiency anemia is a dcrease in RBCs due to a folic acid B9 deficiency,
Folate
acute _ anemia due to hemmorraging.
blood loss.
anemia of _ disease/ cancer.
Chronic.
_ deficiency anemia is due to a decrease in hemoglobin.
iron.
_ anemia is due to a genetic mutation in the hemoglobin.
hemolytic.
_ anemia has a mutation in the beta chain.
sickle cell.
_ has mutations in both the alpha and beta chains.
Thalassemia.
_ is the excess of RBC which can result in the thickening and slowing of blood and an increased risk for blood clots.
Polycythemia.
_ is under 5000 WBCs.
Leukopenia.
_ is an abnormally high WBC count that is over 10,000.
Leukocytosis.
_ and Thrombosis is where the clot stays in place of origin.
Thrombus
_ and embolism is where the clot dislodges and moves to other parts of the body.
Embolus.
_ results from the absence of blood clotting factors.
Hemophelia.
_ results from a decrease in platelet counts.
Thrombocytopenia.
