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Anatomy > Immune Lecture > Flashcards

Immune Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

there are _ threats to life like bacteria protozoans and viruses.

A

external.

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2
Q

there are _ threats to life like tumors, cancers and abnormal cells.

A

internal.

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3
Q

_ immunity act against anything not recognized as self.

A

nonspecific.

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4
Q

nonspecific immunity has a _ response.

A

fast.

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5
Q

the cell types of nonspecific immunity are _, _, _, and _.

A

nutrophils, monocytes, macrophages and natural killers.

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6
Q

_ immunity recognize specific agents.

A

specific.

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7
Q

it takes _ to find them.

A

extra time.

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8
Q

the cell types for specific immunity are _ and _.

A

B cell and T cell.

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9
Q

the _ of defense is mechanical and chemical barriers.

A

first line.

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10
Q

_ barrier examples are mucous membranes and unbroken skin.

A

mechanical.

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11
Q

chemical barriers contain _, _, _ and _.

A

sebum, mucus, enzymes, and hydrochloric acid.

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12
Q

the second line of defense is _.

A

inflammation.

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13
Q

the _ response are chemical mediators released from _.

A

inflammatory response; mast cell.

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14
Q

_ increases capillary permeability and vasodialation.

A

Histamines.

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15
Q

_ also increase capillary permeability and vasodialation.

A

kinins.

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16
Q

_ cause fever and enhance pain.

A

prostaglandins.

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17
Q

signs of inflammation are _, _, _ and _.

A

heat, reddness, pain, and swelling.

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18
Q

in _ a phagocyte is attracted to foreign material.

A

phagocytosis.

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19
Q

the phagocyte extends the _ and encircles the bacteria.

A

pseudopod

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20
Q

there is bacteria in a sac called a _ inside the phagocyte.

A

phagosome.

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21
Q

the fusing of _ with phagosomes happens next.

A

lysosome.

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22
Q

lastly, the _ of bacteria.

A

digestion.

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23
Q

_ are the most numerous phagocytes.

A

neutrophils.

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24
Q

neutrophils move out of the blood vessel by _.

A

diapedisis.

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25
Q

neutrophils are the first _ to arrive.

A

phagocytes.

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26
Q

neutrophils have a short life span. (_) formed by dead neutrophils.

A

pus.

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27
Q

_ are _ that have migrated out of the blood.

A

macrophages; monocytes.

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28
Q

macrophages are present in _ areas of the body.

A

many.

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29
Q

_ are a type of lymphocyte in addition to B cells and T cells.

A

natural killer.

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30
Q

NT cells are especially important in killing _ cells and _ infected cells.

A

tumor; virus.

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31
Q

function by causing _.

A

cell lysis.

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32
Q

_ is produced by virus infected cells and inhibits virus reproduction.

A

interferon.

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33
Q

_ is a group of 20 plasma proteins that is inactive until stimulated.

A

compliment system.

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34
Q

compliment systems work together to _ bacteria and some viruses.

A

destroy.

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35
Q

specific immunity is the _ of defense.

A

third line.

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36
Q

specific immunity is the attack of _ not self agents.

A

specific.

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37
Q

specific immunity is orchestrated by two different types of lymphocytes, _ and _.

A

B cells and T cells.

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38
Q

B cells produce antibodies and thus _ immunity.

A

antibody mediated.

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39
Q

B cells attack pathogens _ and direct _ to attack.

A

directly; pathogens.

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40
Q

T cells provide _ immunity and attack _ directly.

A

cell mediated; pathogens.

41
Q

lymphocytes are located in _, _, _, _.

A

bone marrow, thymus gland, lymph nodes, and spleen.,

42
Q

lymphocytes move from these locations into _.

A

blood.

43
Q

lymphocytes enter _ spaces.

A

tissue.

44
Q

lymphocytes are carried in _ back to blood.

A

lymph.

45
Q

continued cycle of _.

A

recirculation.

46
Q

_ are large molecules that induce an immune response.

A

antigens

47
Q

_ are the part of the antigen that the lymphocyte recognizes as being foreign.

A

epitopes.

48
Q

_ are large protein molecules that interlock with and destroy antigens.

A

antibodies.

49
Q

_ is an antibody antigen receptor attached to the antigen determinatnt.

A

antigen-antibody complex.

50
Q

_ are a group of cells from one original cell.

A

clones.

51
Q

there are two stages of _ and activation of B cells.

A

development.

52
Q

the _ of development occurs in the yolk sac, red marrow and fetal liver.

A

first stage.

53
Q

inactive b cells are developed by time infant is _ months old.

A

several.

54
Q

inactive b cells produce antibodies and insert them on the cell _.

A

surface.

55
Q

inactive b cells circulate to the _ and _.

A

lymph nodes and spleen.

56
Q

the _ of development is activation of b cells.

A

second stage.

57
Q

_ involves inactive b cell and an antigen antibody complex.

A

activation

58
Q

this activation triggers rapid b cell _ forming clones.

A

division.

59
Q

some new cells become _ cells and secrete _ molecules

A

plasma; antibody.

60
Q

other new cells become _ b cell.s

A

memory.

61
Q

memory b cells become plasma cells if _ to same antigen at a later time.

A

exposed.

62
Q

antibodies or _.

A

immunoglobulins.

63
Q

each antibody is made of two _ chains and two _ chains.

A

changing; constant.

64
Q

antibodies form a _ shape.

A

Y.

65
Q

the two variable regions are formed by the two branches of the Y and are where the _ are located.

A

antigen-binding sites.

66
Q

the constant region is formed by the base of the Y and is where the _ is located.

A

compliment-binding sites.

67
Q

_ is produced by immature _.

A

IgM; B cells.

68
Q

IgM is produced by activated B cells after contacting _.

A

antigen.

69
Q

IgG makes up _ percent of circulating antibodies and there is only immunoglobulin that crosses the placenta.

A

75.

70
Q

IgA is produced in _ membrane, saliva, and tears, and it it secreted into _.

A

mucous; breast milk.

71
Q

IgE is most often associated with _.

A

allergens.

72
Q

_ acts as an allergen receptor.

A

IgD.

73
Q

_ deactivates toxins.

A

neutralization.

74
Q

_ sticks antigen cells together.

A

agglutination.

75
Q

_ results in antibodies changing the _ of enemy cells, which exposes the _ binding sites of enemy cells.

A

complilment fixation; shape; compliment.

76
Q

lymphocytes that develop and multiply in the _.

A

thymus.

77
Q

leave thymus and _ into T dependent zones in lymph nodes and spleen.

A

migrates.

78
Q

antigen binds to t cell antigen _.

A

receptors.

79
Q

_ processes the antigen.

A

Macrophage.

80
Q

macrophage presents the processed _ to antigen receptors on the t cell.

A

antigen.

81
Q

_ the t cell.

A

sensitizes.

82
Q

causes the t cell to _ repeatedly, forming a clone of identical sensitized t cells, which form a _ t cell or a _ cell.

A

divide; cytotoxic; t memory.

83
Q

sensitized t cells migrate to site of _.

A

antigen.

84
Q

sensitized t cells bind to _ antigen presented by the macrophage.

A

processed

85
Q

antigen bound sensitized t cells then release chemical messengers (_), into the inflamed tissues.

A

cytokines.

86
Q

_ factors attract macrophages.

A

chemotactic.

87
Q

migration inhibition factor _ macrophage migration.

A

halts.

88
Q

magrophage activating factor _ phagocytosis.

A

increases.

89
Q

lymphotoxin kills _ cells.

A

enemy.

90
Q

cytotoxic t cells release _.

A

lymphotoxin.

91
Q

_ help b cells differentiate into antibody secreting plasma cells by secreting _.

A

helper t cells; interleukin.

92
Q

_ suppress b cell differentiation into plasma cells.

A

suppressor t cells.

93
Q

_ immunity (genetic) and _ immunity (developed after birth.)

A

inherited; aquired.

94
Q

_ immunity (natural exposure to antigens) has two types, _ and _.

A

Natural; active; passive.

95
Q

active is through _ to disease.

A

exposure.

96
Q

passive is antibodies from _.

A

mothers milk.

97
Q

two types of artificial immunity: _ and _.

A

active and passive.

98
Q

active is through _ or oral ingestion of antigen.

A

injection.

99
Q

passive is through _ of antibodies.

A

injection.

Anatomy (9 decks)

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