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Biology (sab) > Reproductive System > Flashcards

Reproductive System Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

2 glands of the male reproductive system

A

Prostate

Bulbourethral (smaller, lower)

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1
Q

Pathway of sperm for ejaculation

A

Seminal vesicles - epididymis- vas deferans - ejaculatory duct - urethra

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2
Q

Differentiation of spermatogonia ?

A

Spermatogonia - primary spermatocytes - secondary spermatocytes - spermatids - spermatozoa

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3
Q

When in spermatogenesis do they become haploid ?

A

Secondary spermatocytes

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4
Q

Acrosome derives from ?

A

Golgi apparatus

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5
Q

Multilayered sac of cells that contains , nourishes and protects an immature ovum

A

Follicle

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6
Q

What produces estrogen ?

A

Follicles

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7
Q

Another word for Fallopian tubes ?

A

Oviducts

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8
Q

The first time a female menstruates

A

Menarche

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9
Q

Oocyte layers.
Outside ?
Inside ?

A

Corona radiata

Zona pellucida

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10
Q

4 states of menstrual cycle ?

A

Follicular stage
Ovulation
Luteal phase
Menstruation

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11
Q

follicular phase :
Cessation of ___
Development of ___
Begins secreting ___

A

Menstrual flow
Follicle
Estrogen

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12
Q

Ovulation:
What does this mean ?
Surge in ___ caused by a peak in ____

A

Mature ovarian follicle bursts and releases an ovum
Lh
Estrogen levels

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13
Q

Ovaries become less sensitive to hormones and eventually atrophy. Estrogen and progesterone levels greatly decline.

A

Menopause

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14
Q

Luteal phase
____ induces follicle to develop into the corpus ____
This secretes ?
___ causes the endometrium to mature and prepare it for implantations

A

Lh
Luteum
Estrogen and progesterone
Progesterone

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15
Q

Menstruation
____ atrophies
Drop in progesterone and estrogen causes ____

A

Corpus luteum

Endometrium to atrophy

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16
Q

If fertilization occurs , the developing placenta produces ?

What does this do ?

A

hCG

Maintains the corpus luteum and thus the supply of estrogen and progesterone

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17
Q

Pathway of sperm to the ovum

A

Vaginal canal
Cervix
Uterus
Fallopian tubes

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18
Q

How long do sperm remain viable ?

A

Capable of fertilization for 1-2 days after intercourse

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19
Q

Acrosomal process

A

Once in contact with the membrane , the sperm forms this tubelike structure

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20
Q

When does the ovum complete meiosis 2

A

When the acrosomal process fuses to the cell membrane of the ovum

21
Q

Calcium ions are released into the cytoplasm and initiates the formation of the fertilization membrane

A

Cortical reaction

22
Q

Hard layer surrounding the ovum cell membrane and prevents multiple fertilizations

A

Fertilization membrane

23
Q

When a single zygote splits into two embryos.

A

Monozygotic twins

24
Q

If the zygote splits at the two cell stage ?

A

Embryos will have separate chorions and placentas

25
Q

If the zygote splits at the blastula stage

A

Only one chorionic sac and will share a placenta and possibly an amnion

26
Q

When two ova are released in one ovarian cycle and fertilized by two different sperm

A

Dizygotic (fraternal) twins

27
Q

Rapid mitotic divisions lead to an increase in cell number without a corresponding growth in cell protoplasm (total volume of cytoplasm remains constant )

A

Cleavage

28
Q

Ball of embryonic cells is ___. When this develops a fluid filled cavity cavity ___ begins

A

Morula

Blastulation

29
Q

A fluid filled cavity during Blastulation

A

Blastocoel

30
Q

What stage is the embryo when it implants in the uterus

A

Blastula

31
Q

How does emergency contraception work ?

A

Inhibits implantation of the blastula in the uterus I

32
Q

When the embryo implants outside the uterus

A

Ectopic pregnancy

33
Q

When the embryo is fully implanted in the uterus and it becomes a 3 layered structure

A

Gastrula

34
Q

Endoderm?

A

Epithelial linings of the digestive and respiratory tract , part of the liver , pancreas , thyroid , and bladder lining

35
Q

Mesoderm?

A

Gives rise to the musculoskeletal system , circulatory system , excretory system , excretory system , gonads , connective tissue , portions of digestive and respiratory organs

36
Q

Rod of mesodermal cells developing along the longitudinal axis. Under the dorsal later of the ectoderm.

A

Notochord

37
Q

What does the neural tube give rise to ?

A

Brain and spinal cord

38
Q

What do neural crest cells give rise to?

A 
Peripheral nervous system
Sensory ganglia 
Autonomic ganglia
Adrenal medulla 
Schwann cells
39
Q

When the neural tube does not close properly ?

What can be done to stop this

A

Spina bifida

Folic acid

40
Q

4 extra embryonic membrane formed during development

A

Amnion
Chorion
Allantois
Yolk sac

41
Q

A thin tough membrane containing a water fluid. Acts as a shock absorber during gestation and uterine contractions

A

Amnion

42
Q

Membrane that completely surrounds the amnion. Assists with transfer of nutrients from the mother to the fetus.

A

Chorion

43
Q

A third membrane that develops as an out pocketing of the gut. It’s blood vessels become the umbilical vessels. This connects the fetus to the developing placenta

A

Allantois

44
Q

The site of early development of blood vessels , becomes associated with the umbilical vessels

A

Yolk sac

45
Q

Major organs begin to develop , heart begins to beat, eyes gonads limbs and liver start to form . Cartilaginous skeleton begins to turn to bone by the 7th week. At the end is a fetus and is 9cm long

A

First trimester

46
Q

Tremendous amount of growing. Begins to move face appears human. Toes and fingers elongate. 30-36 cm long.

A

Second trimester

47
Q

Rapid growth. Further brain development. Antibodies are transported by highly selective active transport from the mother to the fetus for protection against foreign matter. Less active.

A

Third trimester

48
Q

3 stages of labour

A

Cervix thins and dilates, amniotic sax ruptures

Rapid contractions, birth of baby

Birth of placenta and umbilical cord

49
Q

Upon ovulation, the follicle is released into the ?

A

Abdominal cavity

50
Q

Determinate cleavage

A

Results in cells whose differentiation pathways are clearly define. Incapable of individually developing into complete organisms

51
Q

When do the primary germ layers appear ?

A

Gastrulation

Biology (sab) (11 decks)

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