Molecular Biology

Question 0

The building up of new tissues from digested food materials

Answer 0

Assimilation

Question 1

The sum of all chemical reactions that occur in the body.

Answer 1

Metabolism

Question 2

An increase in size caused by cell division and synthesis of new materials

Answer 2

Growth

Question 3

Entrance of air into the lungs and the gas exchange between the Alveoli and the blood

The exchange of gases between the blood and the cells and the intra-cellular processes of respiration

Answer 3

External respiration

Internal respiration

Question 4

What bond is energy rich and capable of releasing the largest amount of energy per mole

Answer 4

C-H bond

Question 5

Dehydrogenation is an ____ reaction
Hydrogen accepting is an ____ reaction
Energy from the above reaction can be used to make ?

Answer 5

Oxidation
Reduction
ATP

Question 6

Where do the reductions occur spread out instead of all at once which would waste energy

Answer 6

Electron transport chain

Question 7

Two stages of glucose oxidation ?

Answer 7

Glycolysis

Cellular respiration

Question 8

Glycolysis end products ?

Answer 8

2 pyruvate
2 ATP
2 NADH

Question 9

Where does glycolysis take place ?

Answer 9

Cytoplasm

Question 10

ATP synthesis is directly coupled with the degradation of glucose without the participation of an intermediate molecule such as NADH

How many ATP does it produce?

Answer 10

Substrate level phosphorylation

6

Question 11

Aerobic conditions pyruvate is oxidized via __ and anaerobic conditions it is reduced during ____

Answer 11

Cellular respiration

Fermentation

Question 12

How many Atps are produced in fermentation

Answer 12

2

Question 13

Alcohol fermentation ?

Answer 13

Yeast and some bacteria
Pyruvate is converted to ethanol
Nad+ is regenerated

Question 14

Lactic acid formation

Answer 14

Fungi and bacteria and human muscle cells under strenuous activity
Due to oxygen supply lagging
Produces lactic acid and regenerate NAD+

Question 15

Cellular respiration occurs where ? How many ATP does it yield?

Answer 15

Eukaryotic mitochondria

36-38

Question 16

3 stages of cellular respiration

Answer 16

Pyruvate decarboxylation
Citric acid / Krebs cycle
Electron transport chain

Question 17

Pyruvate decarboxylation end products ?

Answer 17

2 NADH

Acetyl CoA

Question 18

End products of citric acid cycle for one glucose molecule

Answer 18

6 NADH
2 FADH2
2 ATP

Question 19

Where is the electron transport chain ? Most molecules of this are ___ ,electron carriers that resemble hemoglobin (iron for reversible redox)

Answer 19

Inner mitochondrial membrane

Cytochromes

Question 20

How are ATP produced in the electron transport chain ?

Answer 20

High energy potential electrons are transferred from NADH and FADH2 to oxygen by a series of carrier molecules. Energy released is used to form ATP

Question 21

How many ATP are produced via oxidative phosphorylation ?

Answer 21

32

Question 22

What is pumped into the mitochondrial space for the etc to use it’s energy to convert ADP to ATP

Answer 22

Hydrogen

Question 23

What happens with the NADH molecules in the cytoplasm after glycolysis ?

Answer 23

Can’t reach the etc. Use one ATP to transfer electrons to a carrier protein complex Q. So only 2 ATP from them go to the etc

Question 24

Normally how many ATP are produced from NADH ? Fadh2?

Answer 24

3

2

Question 25

If no glucose, what sources does the body use ? In order …

Answer 25

Carbs
Fats
Proteins

Question 26

Fats are stored in adipose in the form of ___ and can be hydrolyzed by lipase to _____ and ___. What happens to the two things produced ?

Answer 26

Triglycerides
Fatty acids and glycerol
Glycerol : converted to PGAL
Fatty acid: needs 2 Atps and is concerted to Acetyl CoA

Question 27

For proteins and being used in glycolysis , what happens to them ?

Answer 27

Transamination: lose an amino group to form an alpha keto acid.
Carbon atoms converted into acetyl CoA or pyruvate or another citric acid cycle intermediate

Question 28

Removes ammonia directly from the amino acids

Answer 28

Oxidative deamination

Question 29

Enzyme is inhibited by the inactive substrate or competitor. If sufficient quantities of the substrate are introduced , the substrate can outcompete the competitor and can reach v max

Answer 29

Competitive inhibitor

Question 30

Forms strong covalent bonds with an enzyme and may not be displaced by the addition of excess substrate. It is irreversible. Addition of excess substrate will not influence the rate of the reaction and it will not reach v max. ??? If it takes place at a sure other than the active site it it called ____. This changes the structure of the enzyme so that the active site is also changed.

Answer 30

Non competitive inhibition

Allosteric inhibition

Question 31

Hydrolysis is the opposite of ?

Answer 31

Synthesis (dehydration reactions )

Question 32

Many enzymes require incorporation of a no protein molecule to become active. Can be metal cations such as zinc or iron or small organic groups called coenzymes

Answer 32

Cofactors

Question 33

Cofactors that bind to the enzyme by strong covalent bonds are ?

Answer 33

Prosthetic groups

Question 34

Many can’t be synthesized by the body and are obtained from the diet as vitamin derivatives

Answer 34

Coenzymes

Question 35

How does ATP store energy ?

Answer 35

Through high energy bonds by the covalent bond of 3 phosphates to adenosine. Hydrolysis causes release of energy due to inorganic phosphate being produced

Question 36

How do NADH and FADH2 store energy ?

Answer 36

They are reducing agents that carry chemical energy in the form of high potential electrons , which can be transferred as hydride ions.

Question 37

How is NAD+ regenerated and why is it important

Answer 37

Needed in glycolysis

Etc with oxygen present or fermentation in anoxic

Question 38

Describe the production of ATP via oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 38

To cross the inner membrane , the hydrogen ions must pass through ATP synthetases which catalyze the phosphorylation of adp into ATP