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Phys Facts > Reproductive System > Flashcards

Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

The default pathway in fetal development in the absence of the _____ gene is the development of female reproductive organs.

A

SRY

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2
Q

The presence of the SRY gene on the Y chromosome triggers the production of _________, leading to the development of male reproductive organs.

A

testis determining factor (TDF)

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3
Q

____________ is produced by the testes and prevents the development of female reproductive structures.

A

Anti-Müllerian hormone

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4
Q

True or False: Males have a lower hematocrit than females.

A

False, they have a higher hematocrit than females

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5
Q

From fetal development to the first year of life, GnRH, gonadotropins, and sex hormones are secreted at relatively _____ levels.

A

high

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6
Q

During infancy to puberty, the secretion rates of reproductive hormones are very _____, and reproductive function is quiescent.

A

low

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7
Q

At puberty, secretion rates of reproductive hormones ________ markedly, initiating the period of active reproduction.

A

increase

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8
Q

In females, hormone secretion at puberty occurs in large _______ swings.

A

cyclical

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9
Q

Later in life, the gonads become less responsive to _____________, and reproductive function diminishes.

A

gonadotropins

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10
Q

True or False: In females, reproductive function ceases entirely later in life.

A

True

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11
Q

The hypothalamus secretes gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), which stimulates the ___________ gland.

A

anterior pituitary

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12
Q

The anterior pituitary gland secretes ____________ and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).

A

luteinizing hormone (LH)

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13
Q

In males, LH stimulates _______ cells in the testes to produce testosterone.

A

Leydig

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14
Q

In males, FSH stimulates _________ cells in the testes to support sperm production.

A

Sertoli

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15
Q

____________ is the primary male sex hormone.

A

Testosterone

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16
Q

Sertoli cells produce ________________, which binds to testosterone and concentrates it in the seminiferous tubules.

A

androgen-binding protein (ABP)

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17
Q

Testosterone is responsible for the development of ______________ in males, such as facial hair and a deeper voice.

A

secondary sexual characteristics

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18
Q

Testosterone also plays a role in muscle growth and ______ density.

A

bone

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19
Q

True or False: Testosterone levels decline with age.

A

True

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20
Q

__________ is a precursor to testosterone and other sex hormones.

A

DHEA (dehydroepiandrosterone)

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21
Q

True or False: There is not enough scientific evidence to support the claim that DHEA supplements can affect aging.

A

True

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22
Q

_____________ is the process of sperm production, which takes place in the seminiferous tubules within the testes.

A

Spermatogenesis

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23
Q

___________ are the stem cells that differentiate into sperm cells.

A

Spermatogonia

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24
Q

Primary spermatocytes undergo __________ to form secondary spermatocytes.

A

meiosis I

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25
Q

True or False: Prostate removal leads to sterility.

A

True and False; unable to naturally eject semen, but it can be removed via needle biopsy due to it still being produced

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26
Q

Secondary spermatocytes undergo meiosis II to form _________.

A

spermatids

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27
Q

Spermatids differentiate into __________, the mature sperm cells.

A

spermatozoa

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28
Q

True or False: Sperm production requires a temperature several degrees above normal body temperature.

A

False, needs a lower temp than body temp (which is why testes are held outside the body).

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29
Q

The ________ helps to regulate the temperature of the testes.

A

scrotum

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30
Q

_______ cells provide support and nourishment to developing sperm cells.

A

Sertoli

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31
Q

______ is a fluid that contains sperm and other secretions from accessory glands.

A

Semen

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31
Q

Sertoli cells also form the ________ barrier, which protects developing sperm cells from the immune system.

A

blood-testis

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32
Q

The seminal vesicles contribute about ____% of the semen volume.

A

60%

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33
Q

The seminal vesicle fluid contains ________, which provides energy for the sperm.

A

fructose

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34
Q

The ___________ contributes about 20% of the semen volume.

A

prostate gland

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35
Q

The prostate fluid is _______, which helps to neutralize the acidic environment of the vagina.

A

alkaline

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36
Q

The bulbourethral glands (Cowper’s glands) contribute about _____% of the semen volume.

A

15%

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37
Q

The bulbourethral gland fluid is _______, which lubricates the urethra.

A

mucus

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38
Q

The average ejaculate volume is about 3 ml and contains about _____ million sperm.

A

300

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39
Q

True or False: Sperm can live for many weeks in the male genital ducts.

A

True

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40
Q

True or False: Once in semen, sperm can survive for 24-72 hours at body temperature.

A

True

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41
Q

Decreased fertility is observed in males when sperm count is below _________.

A

35 million

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42
Q

________ is the process of the penis becoming engorged with blood, making it rigid.

A

Erection

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43
Q

Erection is controlled by the _________.

A

ANS

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44
Q

At rest, sympathetic input causes norepinephrine (NE) release, leading to arterial smooth muscle _________ and preventing erection.

A

contraction

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45
Q

During stimulation, inhibition of sympathetics and activation of ____________ noncholinergic autonomic neurons occur.

A

noradrenergic

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46
Q

Release nitric oxide (NO) causes arterial smooth muscle __________ and allows for erection.

A

relaxation

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47
Q

_______(drug) enhances the effects of NO by inhibiting the enzyme that breaks it down.

A

Viagra

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48
Q

Combining Viagra with NO-producing drugs like __________ is contraindicated as it can cause a dangerous drop in blood pressure.

A

nitroglycerin or nitroprusside

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49
Q

____________ is the expulsion of semen from the penis.

A

Ejaculation

50
Q

Ejaculation is also controlled by the _____.

A

ANS

51
Q

The _________ are located slightly posterior to the left and right of the opening of the vagina.

A

Bartholin’s glands

52
Q

The function of Bartholin’s glands is to secrete _______ to lubricate the vagina.

A

mucus

53
Q

True or False: Bartholin’s glands are homologous to the bulbourethral glands in males.

A

True

54
Q

A female is born with approximately _________ primary oocytes.

A

2-4 million

55
Q

During a woman’s reproductive life, only about ______ oocytes are ovulated.

A

400

56
Q

The average reproductive life of a female is between ______ years.

A

13-50

57
Q

An average menstrual cycle lasts ________ days.

A

70-85

58
Q

The __________ supports the developing embryo if fertilization occurs, and has a lifespan of about ____ days if no fertilization occurs.

A

corpus luteum, 14

59
Q

The corpus luteum secretes estrogen, progesterone, and _______.

A

inhibin

60
Q

At the beginning of each cycle, 10-25 ___________ begin to develop.

A

antral follicles

61
Q

True or False: By week one of the cycle, only one follicle typically continues to develop.

A

True

62
Q

____ receptors on granulosa cells mediate follicle development.

A

FSH

63
Q

A mature follicle grows to approximately _____ cm in diameter.

A

1.5 cm

64
Q

_____ stimulates the anterior pituitary to release follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH).

A

GnRH

65
Q

_____ initiates ovulation.

A

LH

66
Q

Theca cells produce androgens, which are then converted to ________ by granulosa cells.

A

estrogen

67
Q

__________ is a condition where menstruation is absent due to low leptin levels, leading to decreased GnRH secretion.

A

Hypothalamic amenorrhea

68
Q

The mechanism by which leptin influences ______ is complex and involves multiple neuronal pathways, including a1-adrenergic, b-endorphin, + NPY neurons, - NPY neurons, and dopamine systems.

A

GnRH

69
Q

________ is the most active form of estrogen.

A

Estradiol (E2)

70
Q

True or False: Estradiol acts on both alpha and beta estrogen receptors.

A

True

71
Q

True or False: Estrone (E1) is more active than estradiol.

A

False, it is less active than E2

72
Q

Estrone primarily acts on ______ estrogen receptors.

A

alpha

73
Q

Estriol (E3) has weak activity and acts primarily on _____ estrogen receptors.

A

beta

74
Q

The storage form of estrogen is _______.

A

estrone

75
Q

Granulosa cells of developing follicles express _________ Hormone.

A

Anti-Müllerian

76
Q

Anti-Müllerian Hormone, in a non-developmental role, reduces ______.

A

menses

77
Q

The menstrual cycle is a complex interplay of hormonal changes that lead to ______.

A

menses

78
Q

High levels of estrogen exert ________ feedback on GnRH.

A

positive

79
Q

The LH surge is triggered by high levels of ________.

A

estrogen

80
Q

The _______ leads to the completion of the first meiotic division of the primary oocyte, and increases antrum size + blood flow to the follicle.

A

LH surge

81
Q

Granulosa cells secrete ___________ and decrease estrogen production in response to the LH surge.

A

progesterone

82
Q

The _______ breaks down the follicular-ovarian membrane, allowing the oocyte and granulosa cells to be carried to the surface of the ovary.

A

LH surge

83
Q

The __________, formed from transformed granulosa and theca cells, secretes progesterone and estrogen.

A

corpus luteum

84
Q

Hormonal contraceptives, such as birth control pills, work by providing negative feedback, preventing the increase of _____ and _____.

A

FSH, LH

85
Q

Hormonal contraceptives prevent follicle development, thus preventing the rise in _________.

A

plasma estrogen

86
Q

With the use of hormonal contraceptives, there is no LH surge and consequently no __________.

A

ovulation

87
Q

Exogenous hormones in _______________ prevent the decrease of plasma estrogen and progesterone.

A

birth control pills

88
Q

_______ can dramatically reduce ovulation with consistent use.

A

NSAIDs

89
Q

NSAIDs have been shown to inhibit __________ and reduce ___________ levels in young women, potentially undermining fertility.

A

ovulation, progesterone

90
Q

A rise in progesterone leads to a/an ________ in basal body temperature.

A

increase

91
Q

________ levels can modulate the effect of progesterone on basal body temperature.

A

Estradiol

92
Q

__________ is a progesterone receptor antagonist; it also acts as a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist.

A

Mifepristone (RU486)

93
Q

__________, the active ingredient in Plan B One-Step, is a synthetic version of the hormone progestin.

A

Levonorgestrel

94
Q

Levonorgestrel has been used in birth control pills for over ____ years.

A

35

95
Q

True or False: Plan B One-Step contains a higher dose of levonorgestrel than regular birth control pills.

A

True

96
Q

The primary mechanism of action of levonorgestrel as a progestogen-only emergency contraceptive pill is to prevent fertilization by inhibiting ________ and thickening cervical mucus.

A

ovulation

97
Q

________, in the US, is a prescription drug for medical abortion.

A

Mifepristone

98
Q

_________, a prostaglandin E1 analogue, is used in conjunction with Mifepristone to cause uterine contractions.

A

Misoprostol

99
Q

The secondary oocyte is surrounded by a cloud of cumulus cells known as the ___________.

A

corona radiata

100
Q

Ovulation occurs approximately 35 hours after the ____ peak.

A

LH

101
Q

The fallopian tube is approximately ____ cm long.

A

10 cm

102
Q

Progesterone modulates the activity of ________, a sperm-specific, pH-sensitive Ca2+ channel.

A

CatSper

103
Q

___________ are cells that secrete human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG).

A

Syncytiotrophoblasts

104
Q

____________ acts as an LH-like hormone, preventing corpus luteum degradation.

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

105
Q

A quantitative _________ test can be used to confirm pregnancy.

A

hCG blood

106
Q

In the past, the _________________ was used as a pregnancy test.

A

South African clawed toed frog (Xenopus laevis)

107
Q

__________ suppresses estrogen activity.

A

Estriol (E3)

108
Q

The __________ is responsible for providing estradiol in early pregnancy.

A

placenta

109
Q

The placenta also provides ____________ in early pregnancy.

A

progesterone

110
Q

_________ stimulates uterine growth during pregnancy, and also promotes prostaglandin synthesis.

A

Estrogen

111
Q

Estrogen thickens the vaginal _________.

A

epithelium

112
Q

Estrogen sensitizes the uterus to __________’s effects.

A

oxytocin

113
Q

_________ inhibits milk production during pregnancy.

A

Progesterone

114
Q

The ____________, also known as the umbilical vesicle, is involved in the formation of the placenta.

A

chorionic villus

115
Q

True or False: Polar bodies are critical in humans for fertilization.

A

False, though they are in other animals

116
Q

True or False: It is legal to own a Xenopus laevis in Ohio.

A

True! It is illegal in Kentucky though

117
Q

The _________ acts as a selective barrier between the mother and the fetus.

A

placenta

118
Q

The placenta serves as an __________ organ, producing hormones.

A

endocrine

119
Q

__________ is the process of childbirth.

A

Parturition

120
Q

__________ is a hormone that stimulates milk production.

A

Prolactin

121
Q

___________ is a hormone that stimulates milk ejection.

A

Oxytocin

122
Q

Suckling by the infant stimulates _________ and _________ release.

A

prolactin, oxytocin

123
Q

Prolactin _________ dopamine release, stimulates __________ release, and __________ GnRH production.

A

inhibits, oxytocin, decreases

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