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Phys Facts > Immune System > Flashcards

Immune System Flashcards

Generated from Lectures 24 and 25

1
Q

The lymphatic system helps maintain fluid balance by draining excess _________.

A

interstitial fluid

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2
Q

Lymphatic vessels transport ___________ from the digestive system to the bloodstream.

A

dietary lipids

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3
Q

What are the four primary components of the immune system?

A

.
Lymph, lymphatic vessels, lymphatic tissues, and red bone marrow

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4
Q

___________ are responsible for filtering blood and are the largest single mass of lymphatic tissue.

A

Lymph nodes

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5
Q

Lymph fluid originates from _____________, flows into interstitial spaces, then into lymphatic capillaries, lymph vessels, lymph ducts, and finally returns to the _______ at the intersection of the left internal jugular and subclavian veins.

A

blood capillaries, venous blood

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6
Q

Primary lymphatic organs, like red bone marrow and the thymus gland, are where stem cells divide and mature to become _______________.

A

immunocompetent

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7
Q

_______________, such as lymph nodes, spleen, and lymphatic nodules, are the primary sites where immune responses occur.

A

Secondary lymphatic organs

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8
Q

The thymus gland plays a crucial role in the development and maturation of ____________, which are essential for adaptive immunity.

A

T-lymphocytes

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9
Q

Thymic ________ cells facilitate the selection of functional and self-tolerant T cells within the thymus.

A

stromal

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10
Q

The thymus plays a critical role in inducing ____________, a process that ensures newly developed T cells and B cells do not react to the body’s own cells and tissues.

A

central tolerance

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11
Q

The gradual atrophy of the thymus after adolescence leads to ___________ output of naïve T lymphocytes.

A

decreased

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12
Q

In adults, the maintenance of naïve T-cells is believed to occur mainly through ________________ of existing T cells

A

homeostatic proliferation

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13
Q

The ________, the largest secondary lymphoid organ, acts as a filter for the blood.

A

spleen

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14
Q

_________ and _________ are the first line of defense in the immune system, sampling bacteria and viruses entering through the mouth and nose.

A

tonsils, adenoids

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15
Q

Name the three types of cells found in tonsils and adenoids?

A

Lymphocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells

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16
Q

__________ refers to the process of blood cell formation.

A

Hematopoiesis

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17
Q

True or False: Interferon-gamma is a Type 1 interferon.

A

False, it’s Type 2

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18
Q

Complement 3a and complement 5a activate Mast Cells to release ______.

A

histamine

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19
Q

_______ is the term for increased WBCs (>10,000/µL).

A

Leukocytosis

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20
Q

_______ is the term for decreased WBCs (<5,000/µL).

A

Leukopenia

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21
Q

Erythropoietin stimulates the production of _______.

A

Red blood cells (RBCs)

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22
Q

Natural Killer Cells recognize normal expression of _________ to avoid attacking the cell.

A

MHC class 1, leads to NK Cells attacking abnormal cells instead of normal cells

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23
Q

True or False: NK Cells require activation to kill cells.

A

False, don’t require activation so they’re fast.

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24
Q

G-CSF stimulates the growth and differentiation of _______.

A

Granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils)

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25
Q

PAMPs stands for ________.

A

Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns

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26
Q

DAMPs stands for __________.

A

Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns (molecules)

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27
Q

LPS (lipopolysaccharide) is an example of a _________.

A

PAMP

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28
Q

M-CSF stimulates the growth and differentiation of _______.

A

Monocytes and macrophages

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29
Q

Chemotaxis draws macrophages and neutrophils to the area of _______

A

Infection (antigen)

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30
Q

An _______ enhances phagocytosis by marking an antigen for an immune response.

A

Opsonin

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31
Q

Both Helper t-cells and regulatory t-cells are _________ (type of CD).

A

CD4+

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32
Q

_______ immunity refers to defense without recognizing specific identities.

A

Innate

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33
Q

B lymphocytes lead to a ________ response, causing antibody production.

A

humoral

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34
Q

_______ immunity recognizes specific identities, like antigens.

A

Adaptive

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35
Q

B cells mature in the _________.

A

bone marrow

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36
Q

T cells mature in the _________.

A

thymus

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37
Q

Type 1 interferons are secreted by _______ cells.

A

virus-infected

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38
Q

_______ protein synthesis is induced when Type 1 interferons bind to cells.

A

Antiviral

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39
Q

The _______ pathway of complement activation is triggered by antibody-binding to microbes.

A

classic (aka classical)

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40
Q

The _______ pathway of complement activation is triggered by lipid-carbohydrate binding to the microbe surface.

A

alternative

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41
Q

True or False: Both b cells and t cells can recognize antigens.

A

True

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42
Q

Natural Killer (NK) cells can recognize stressed cells in the absence of _______ and MHC.

A

antibodies

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43
Q

MHC stands for _______.

A

Major histocompatibility complex

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44
Q

CD stands for _______.

A

Cluster of differentiation

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45
Q

MHC class 1 molecules are expressed on the surface of most _______ cells.

A

normal

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46
Q

PAMPs, or pathogen-associated molecular patterns, are molecules found on _______.

A

microorganisms

47
Q

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize and bind to specific _______.

A

PAMPs

48
Q

An _______ is a substance that can induce a detectable immune response.

A

Immunogen (or antigen)

49
Q

Cytotoxic t cells are a part of _____-mediated immunity.

A

cell

50
Q

_______ are also known as epitopes.

A

Antigenic determinants

51
Q

_______ cells are responsible for the cellular response (cytotoxicity).

A

T

52
Q

The only class of human immunoglobulins able to cross the placenta and give fetus/newborn protection are _____.

A

IgG

53
Q

The most common human immunoglobulin is ____.

A

IgG (75-80%)

54
Q

_______ cells are CD8+ cells.

A

Cytotoxic T cells

55
Q

The only human immunoglobulin that is a dimer is ____.

A

IgA

56
Q

The most efficient at activating complement of the human immunoglobulins is _____.

A

IgM

57
Q

The structure of IgM is a ______.

A

pentamer

58
Q

_______ is the predominant antibody in the primary immune response.

A

IgM

59
Q

_______ is the major antibody of the secondary immune response.

A

IgG

60
Q

_______ is found in bodily secretions like sweat, tears, and saliva.

A

IgA

61
Q

Macrophages present antigens in association with _______ class ______ self-antigen.

A

MHC class II

62
Q

_______ cells are also called inflammatory CD4 T cells.

A

Th1

63
Q

_______ primarily stimulate B cells to produce antibodies.

A

Th2

64
Q

MHC II is found in the ______.

A

lysosomal compartment

65
Q

_______ maintain tolerance to self-antigens and prevent autoimmune disease.

A

Treg cells

66
Q

Helper t cells and b cells recognize MHC class ____.

A

II

67
Q

_______ is a cytokine that stimulates the proliferation and differentiation of T cells, B cells, and NK cells.

A

Interleukin-2 (IL-2)

68
Q

True or False: Ts cells are also known as Treg cells.

A

True

69
Q

_______ activates NK cells and macrophages.

A

Interferon gamma (IFN-g)

70
Q

Th17 has an important role in maintaining ______ and contributing to ________ at mucosal surfaces.

A

mucosal barriers, pathogen clearance

71
Q

Treg and Th2 are considered _____-inflammatory, while Th1 and Th17 are considered ____-inflammatory.

A

anti, pro

72
Q

_______ is the term for an immune response against self.

A

Autoimmunity

73
Q

Glucocorticoids (steroids) act as immunosuppressants by inhibiting the production of _______ by monocytes and macrophages.

A

IL-1

74
Q

TNF-alpha can activate the clotting cascade, which can unfortunately cause _____.

A

DIC (disseminated intravascular coagulation) [many small blood clots in the blood steam, not good]

75
Q

Activated cytotoxic t cells release ________.

A

gramzymes (cause apoptosis), granulysin + perforin (cause cytolysis)

76
Q

The major secretory products of T helper cells include ___________.

A

IL-2; interferon-gamma; interleukins 4, 5, 6

77
Q

Cyclosporin blocks the release of ______.

A

IL-2

78
Q

Plasma cells produce specific _______.

A

antibodies

78
Q

The adaptive system starts with complement _____ while the innate system starts with complement _____.

A

1, 3

79
Q

Vaccination results in _________.

A

Artificially acquired immunity

80
Q

Autoimmunity is considered the failure of ______.

A

immune tolerance

81
Q

In the acute phase response in the systemic response to infection, ____ enhances protective responses.

A

fever

82
Q

The liver retains _____ because bacteria need ______ and are unable to proliferate without high plasma levels of these metals.

A

Fe, Zn

83
Q

The hypothalamic response to infection helps act as ____ feedback on the immune system.

A

negative

84
Q

Nonspecific resistance is also known as _______ immunity.

A

innate

85
Q

Specific resistance is also known as ________ immunity.

A

adaptive

86
Q

The single largest mass of lymphatic tissue is in the ________.

A

spleen

87
Q

In Starling’s law of the capillaries, _____% of the fluid that was filtered is reabsorbed.

A

85

88
Q

What is the route of lymph fluid through the lymph node?

A

Afferent lymphatic vessel – Subcapsular sinus – Trabecular sinus – Medullary sinus – Efferent lymphatic vessel

89
Q

________ is the main duct for return of lymph to venous blood at junction of left internal jugular & left subclavian veins.

A

Thoracic duct

90
Q

True or False: There are valves in the lymphatic vessels.

A

True

91
Q

_______ muscles and ________ pump help lymph move in one direction

A

Skeletal, respiratory

92
Q

What are the two primary lymphatic organs?

A

Red blood marrow, thymus gland

93
Q

_________ lymphatic organs are where stem cells divide & become immunocompetent.

A

Primary

94
Q

_________ lymphatic organs are where most immune responses occur.

A

Secondary

95
Q

___________ is the mechanism by which newly developing T cells and B cells are rendered non-reactive to self; this starts in the thymus.

A

Central tolerance

96
Q

What is the largest of the secondary lymphoid organs?

A

Spleen

97
Q

Some lymphocytes last for years, while RBCs only last _____ days.

A

120

98
Q

White blood cells are called _________.

A

leukocytes

99
Q

The agranular leukocytes are ________ and ________.

A

lymphocytes, monocytes

100
Q

GM-CSF leads to __________.

A

granulocyte and
macrophage growth and
differentiation

101
Q

High neutrophil count may indicate _________.

A

bacterial infection (most common), stress, burns, inflammation

102
Q

High lymphocyte count may indicate _________.

A

Viral infection (most common), some leukemias, infectious mononucleosis (aka mono)

103
Q

High monocyte count may indicate _________.

A

viral or fungal infection, tuberculosis, some leukemias, other chronic diseases (he had this one underlined)

104
Q

High eosinophil count may indicate _________.

A

allergic reactions, parasitic infections, autoimmune diseases

105
Q

High basophil count may indicate _________.

A

allergic reactions, leukemias, cancers, hypothyroidism

106
Q

Selectins and integrins are ________ molecules.

A

adhesion

107
Q

Some examples of first lines of defense in innate immunity are ___________.

A

skin, mucous membranes, cilia, saliva, etc.

108
Q

Some examples of second lines of defense in innate immunity are _________.

A

interferons (IFNs), complement system, natural killer (NK) cells, phagocytes, inflammation, fever

109
Q

_________ results in neutrophils entering tissue where they engulf bacteria.

A

Diapedesis

110
Q

The Membrane Attack Complex (MAC) is basically a pore made up of C_ through C_.

A

5-9

111
Q

What TLR recognizes LPS?

A

TLR4

112
Q

_____ bridge gap between innate and adaptive immunity.

A

TLRs

113
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis is caused by autoreactive T cells against antigens of __________.

A

joint synovium

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