Immune System Flashcards
Generated from Lectures 24 and 25
The lymphatic system helps maintain fluid balance by draining excess _________.
interstitial fluid
Lymphatic vessels transport ___________ from the digestive system to the bloodstream.
dietary lipids
What are the four primary components of the immune system?
.
Lymph, lymphatic vessels, lymphatic tissues, and red bone marrow
___________ are responsible for filtering blood and are the largest single mass of lymphatic tissue.
Lymph nodes
Lymph fluid originates from _____________, flows into interstitial spaces, then into lymphatic capillaries, lymph vessels, lymph ducts, and finally returns to the _______ at the intersection of the left internal jugular and subclavian veins.
blood capillaries, venous blood
Primary lymphatic organs, like red bone marrow and the thymus gland, are where stem cells divide and mature to become _______________.
immunocompetent
_______________, such as lymph nodes, spleen, and lymphatic nodules, are the primary sites where immune responses occur.
Secondary lymphatic organs
The thymus gland plays a crucial role in the development and maturation of ____________, which are essential for adaptive immunity.
T-lymphocytes
Thymic ________ cells facilitate the selection of functional and self-tolerant T cells within the thymus.
stromal
The thymus plays a critical role in inducing ____________, a process that ensures newly developed T cells and B cells do not react to the body’s own cells and tissues.
central tolerance
The gradual atrophy of the thymus after adolescence leads to ___________ output of naïve T lymphocytes.
decreased
In adults, the maintenance of naïve T-cells is believed to occur mainly through ________________ of existing T cells
homeostatic proliferation
The ________, the largest secondary lymphoid organ, acts as a filter for the blood.
spleen
_________ and _________ are the first line of defense in the immune system, sampling bacteria and viruses entering through the mouth and nose.
tonsils, adenoids
Name the three types of cells found in tonsils and adenoids?
Lymphocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells
__________ refers to the process of blood cell formation.
Hematopoiesis
True or False: Interferon-gamma is a Type 1 interferon.
False, it’s Type 2
Complement 3a and complement 5a activate Mast Cells to release ______.
histamine
_______ is the term for increased WBCs (>10,000/µL).
Leukocytosis
_______ is the term for decreased WBCs (<5,000/µL).
Leukopenia
Erythropoietin stimulates the production of _______.
Red blood cells (RBCs)
Natural Killer Cells recognize normal expression of _________ to avoid attacking the cell.
MHC class 1, leads to NK Cells attacking abnormal cells instead of normal cells
True or False: NK Cells require activation to kill cells.
False, don’t require activation so they’re fast.
G-CSF stimulates the growth and differentiation of _______.
Granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils)
PAMPs stands for ________.
Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns
DAMPs stands for __________.
Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns (molecules)
LPS (lipopolysaccharide) is an example of a _________.
PAMP
M-CSF stimulates the growth and differentiation of _______.
Monocytes and macrophages
Chemotaxis draws macrophages and neutrophils to the area of _______
Infection (antigen)
An _______ enhances phagocytosis by marking an antigen for an immune response.
Opsonin
Both Helper t-cells and regulatory t-cells are _________ (type of CD).
CD4+
_______ immunity refers to defense without recognizing specific identities.
Innate
B lymphocytes lead to a ________ response, causing antibody production.
humoral
_______ immunity recognizes specific identities, like antigens.
Adaptive
B cells mature in the _________.
bone marrow
T cells mature in the _________.
thymus
Type 1 interferons are secreted by _______ cells.
virus-infected
_______ protein synthesis is induced when Type 1 interferons bind to cells.
Antiviral
The _______ pathway of complement activation is triggered by antibody-binding to microbes.
classic (aka classical)
The _______ pathway of complement activation is triggered by lipid-carbohydrate binding to the microbe surface.
alternative
True or False: Both b cells and t cells can recognize antigens.
True
Natural Killer (NK) cells can recognize stressed cells in the absence of _______ and MHC.
antibodies
MHC stands for _______.
Major histocompatibility complex
CD stands for _______.
Cluster of differentiation
MHC class 1 molecules are expressed on the surface of most _______ cells.
normal
PAMPs, or pathogen-associated molecular patterns, are molecules found on _______.
microorganisms
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize and bind to specific _______.
PAMPs
An _______ is a substance that can induce a detectable immune response.
Immunogen (or antigen)
Cytotoxic t cells are a part of _____-mediated immunity.
cell
_______ are also known as epitopes.
Antigenic determinants
_______ cells are responsible for the cellular response (cytotoxicity).
T
The only class of human immunoglobulins able to cross the placenta and give fetus/newborn protection are _____.
IgG
The most common human immunoglobulin is ____.
IgG (75-80%)
_______ cells are CD8+ cells.
Cytotoxic T cells
The only human immunoglobulin that is a dimer is ____.
IgA
The most efficient at activating complement of the human immunoglobulins is _____.
IgM
The structure of IgM is a ______.
pentamer
_______ is the predominant antibody in the primary immune response.
IgM
_______ is the major antibody of the secondary immune response.
IgG
_______ is found in bodily secretions like sweat, tears, and saliva.
IgA
Macrophages present antigens in association with _______ class ______ self-antigen.
MHC class II
_______ cells are also called inflammatory CD4 T cells.
Th1
_______ primarily stimulate B cells to produce antibodies.
Th2
MHC II is found in the ______.
lysosomal compartment
_______ maintain tolerance to self-antigens and prevent autoimmune disease.
Treg cells
Helper t cells and b cells recognize MHC class ____.
II
_______ is a cytokine that stimulates the proliferation and differentiation of T cells, B cells, and NK cells.
Interleukin-2 (IL-2)
True or False: Ts cells are also known as Treg cells.
True
_______ activates NK cells and macrophages.
Interferon gamma (IFN-g)
Th17 has an important role in maintaining ______ and contributing to ________ at mucosal surfaces.
mucosal barriers, pathogen clearance
Treg and Th2 are considered _____-inflammatory, while Th1 and Th17 are considered ____-inflammatory.
anti, pro
_______ is the term for an immune response against self.
Autoimmunity
Glucocorticoids (steroids) act as immunosuppressants by inhibiting the production of _______ by monocytes and macrophages.
IL-1
TNF-alpha can activate the clotting cascade, which can unfortunately cause _____.
DIC (disseminated intravascular coagulation) [many small blood clots in the blood steam, not good]
Activated cytotoxic t cells release ________.
gramzymes (cause apoptosis), granulysin + perforin (cause cytolysis)
The major secretory products of T helper cells include ___________.
IL-2; interferon-gamma; interleukins 4, 5, 6
Cyclosporin blocks the release of ______.
IL-2
Plasma cells produce specific _______.
antibodies
The adaptive system starts with complement _____ while the innate system starts with complement _____.
1, 3
Vaccination results in _________.
Artificially acquired immunity
Autoimmunity is considered the failure of ______.
immune tolerance
In the acute phase response in the systemic response to infection, ____ enhances protective responses.
fever
The liver retains _____ because bacteria need ______ and are unable to proliferate without high plasma levels of these metals.
Fe, Zn
The hypothalamic response to infection helps act as ____ feedback on the immune system.
negative
Nonspecific resistance is also known as _______ immunity.
innate
Specific resistance is also known as ________ immunity.
adaptive
The single largest mass of lymphatic tissue is in the ________.
spleen
In Starling’s law of the capillaries, _____% of the fluid that was filtered is reabsorbed.
85
What is the route of lymph fluid through the lymph node?
Afferent lymphatic vessel – Subcapsular sinus – Trabecular sinus – Medullary sinus – Efferent lymphatic vessel
________ is the main duct for return of lymph to venous blood at junction of left internal jugular & left subclavian veins.
Thoracic duct
True or False: There are valves in the lymphatic vessels.
True
_______ muscles and ________ pump help lymph move in one direction
Skeletal, respiratory
What are the two primary lymphatic organs?
Red blood marrow, thymus gland
_________ lymphatic organs are where stem cells divide & become immunocompetent.
Primary
_________ lymphatic organs are where most immune responses occur.
Secondary
___________ is the mechanism by which newly developing T cells and B cells are rendered non-reactive to self; this starts in the thymus.
Central tolerance
What is the largest of the secondary lymphoid organs?
Spleen
Some lymphocytes last for years, while RBCs only last _____ days.
120
White blood cells are called _________.
leukocytes
The agranular leukocytes are ________ and ________.
lymphocytes, monocytes
GM-CSF leads to __________.
granulocyte and
macrophage growth and
differentiation
High neutrophil count may indicate _________.
bacterial infection (most common), stress, burns, inflammation
High lymphocyte count may indicate _________.
Viral infection (most common), some leukemias, infectious mononucleosis (aka mono)
High monocyte count may indicate _________.
viral or fungal infection, tuberculosis, some leukemias, other chronic diseases (he had this one underlined)
High eosinophil count may indicate _________.
allergic reactions, parasitic infections, autoimmune diseases
High basophil count may indicate _________.
allergic reactions, leukemias, cancers, hypothyroidism
Selectins and integrins are ________ molecules.
adhesion
Some examples of first lines of defense in innate immunity are ___________.
skin, mucous membranes, cilia, saliva, etc.
Some examples of second lines of defense in innate immunity are _________.
interferons (IFNs), complement system, natural killer (NK) cells, phagocytes, inflammation, fever
_________ results in neutrophils entering tissue where they engulf bacteria.
Diapedesis
The Membrane Attack Complex (MAC) is basically a pore made up of C_ through C_.
5-9
What TLR recognizes LPS?
TLR4
_____ bridge gap between innate and adaptive immunity.
TLRs
Rheumatoid arthritis is caused by autoreactive T cells against antigens of __________.
joint synovium
