Metabolism Flashcards
The process of converting glucose to pyruvate is called __________.
glycolysis
Glycolysis occurs in the __________.
cytosol
Glycolysis produces a net gain of __________ ATP molecules.
2
In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted to __________.
lactic acid
The conversion of lactic acid to glucose is called the __________ cycle.
Cori
Acetyl CoA is produced in the __________ matrix.
mitochondrial
Cyanide binds to the __________ complex and blocks the last step of the electron transport chain.
cytochrome oxidase
The hormone __________ promotes energy storage following a meal.
insulin
The hormone __________ promotes the breakdown of stored energy during fasting.
glucagon
__________ amino acids can be converted to glucose.
Glucogenic
Examples of glucogenic amino acids include alanine, serine, threonine, __________, and __________.
glutamine, glutamate
TAG stands for __________.
triacylglycerol
The __________ state refers to the period following a meal when nutrients are being absorbed.
absorptive
The __________ state refers to the period between meals when the body relies on stored energy.
postabsorptive
__________ is the hormone that signals hunger.
Ghrelin
__________ is a hormone produced by adipose tissue that signals satiety.
Leptin
__________ is a neuropeptide that stimulates food intake.
Neuropeptide Y
AgRP stands for __________ peptide.
agouti-related
What analogy is used to describe energy storage and utilization in the body?
Savings and checking accounts
What is the “savings account” for energy in the body?
Energy storage
What process is associated with “spending” energy in the body?
Oxidation of glucose
What is essential for aerobic respiration?
Oxygen
What types of respiration can occur without oxygen?
Anaerobic
Where do lipid and amino acid metabolism enter the metabolic pathways?
1) Pyruvic acid, 2) Acetyl CoA, 3) Krebs Cycle
Steps 1-7 of metabolic pathways occur in the __________, while steps 8 & 9 occur inside __________.
cytosol, mitochondria
Step 10 of the metabolic pathway takes place on the __________.
sarcoplasmic reticulum
What term describes the pathways active during energy storage following a meal?
Absorptive state pathways
What is the “ultimate summary” of metabolic processes?
Energy capture
What are the three main metabolic pathways involved in energy production?
Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, Electron transport chain
The electron transport chain takes place in the __________ of the mitochondria.
inner membrane
What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?
Oxygen
What are the two main types of adipose tissue?
White adipose tissue and brown adipose tissue
__________ adipose tissue is specialized for energy storage, while __________ adipose tissue is specialized for heat production.
White, brown
What process is responsible for the breakdown of fatty acids?
Beta-oxidation
During the absorptive state, the body primarily utilizes __________ for energy.
glucose
__________, produced by adipose tissue, acts on the hypothalamus to suppress appetite and promote energy expenditure.
Leptin
Gluconeogenesis is stimulated by glucagon and ________.
cortisol
Lipolysis is stimulated by epinephrine, cortisol, and _________.
norepinephrine
Lipogenesis is stimulated by ________.
insulin
In protein ___________, protein synthesis is directed by DNA and utilizes cells’ RNA and ribosomes.
anabolism
In protein catabolism, amino acids are oxidized via Krebs cycle after __________. Ammonia resulting from ________ is converted into urea in the liver, passed into blood, and excreted in urine. Amino acids can be converted into glucose, fatty acids, and/or ketone bodies.
deamination, deamination
Triglyceride __________ is the synthesis of triglycerides from glucose and fatty acids (aka ____________). Triglycerides are stored in adipose tissue.
anabolism, lipogenesis
In triglyceride catabolism, triglycerides are broken down into _________ and __________.
glycerol, fatty acids
Glycerol being converted into glucose is called ____________.
gluconeogenesis
Fatty acids are catabolized via beta oxidation into ___________ that can enter the Krebs cycle for ATP production or be converted into ketone bodies.
acetyl coenzyme A
Some glucose is converted into glycogen (___________) for storage if not needed immediately for ATP production.
glycogenesis
What is the general range of skin temperature at the body trunk?
33.5° to 36.9° C
Skin ___________ change the hypothalamic sensitivity to temperature.
thermoreceptors
___________ regulate blood flow to adjust body temperature.
Temperature-regulating reflexes
What are the body’s reactions to changes in temperature called?
Thermoresponses
Hyperthermia is characterized by __________ heat loss and __________ heat production.
reduced, increased
What is the full name of the brain region abbreviated as OVLT?
Organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis
Sweat is initially __________ as it is produced.
isosmotic
As sweat travels through the duct, it becomes __________ due to the reabsorption of __________ and __________.
hyposmotic, sodium, chloride
__________ channels are involved in temperature sensation.
TRP
TRP channels are also __________ channels, allowing for the influx of these ions.
calcium ion
The absolute limit of human tolerance for wet-bulb temperature is approximately __________.
35°C or 95°F
__________ is the process of maintaining a stable internal body temperature.
Thermoregulation
The __________ is the primary control center for thermoregulation in the brain.
hypothalamus
____________ are specialized sensory receptors in the skin and internal organs that detect changes in temperature.
Thermoreceptors
When body temperature rises above the set point, the hypothalamus activates mechanisms to __________ heat loss.
increase
__________ is the widening of blood vessels, which increases blood flow to the skin and facilitates heat loss through radiation and convection.
Vasodilation
___________ is the production of sweat, which cools the body as it evaporates from the skin.
Sweating
When body temperature falls below the set point, the hypothalamus triggers mechanisms to __________ heat production and __________ heat loss.
increase, decrease
____________ is the narrowing of blood vessels, which reduces blood flow to the skin and conserves heat.
Vasoconstriction
__________ is an involuntary muscle contraction that generates heat.
Shivering
___________ is a regulated elevation in body temperature often caused by infection.
Fever
___________, substances that cause fever, are released by immune cells and certain bacteria.
Pyrogens
Pyrogens act on the hypothalamus to __________ the set point for body temperature.
increase
NSAIDs, or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, help control fever by inhibiting the production of ____________.
prostaglandins
___________ are hormone-like substances that play a role in inflammation and fever.
Prostaglandins
Heat __________ through the body primarily via blood circulation.
exchange
The __________ of the body, with its large surface area, plays a critical role in heat exchange with the environment.
skin
_____________ is the transfer of heat through electromagnetic waves.
Radiation
_____________ is the transfer of heat through the movement of fluids (air or water).
Convection
_____________ is the transfer of heat through direct contact.
Conduction
_____________ is the primary mechanism for heat loss when environmental temperatures are high.
Sweating
During exercise, heat production by __________ significantly increases.
muscles
_______________ is a life-threatening condition characterized by an inability to regulate body temperature.
Heatstroke
_______________ occurs when the body loses heat faster than it can produce it.
Hypothermia
______________ is a milder form of heat-related illness characterized by fatigue, dizziness, and nausea.
Heat exhaustion
Brown adipose tissue generates heat through a process called ____________.
non-shivering thermogenesis
Brown adipose tissue is abundant in __________ and plays a crucial role in maintaining their body temperature.
infants
The activity of brown adipose tissue is stimulated by the ______________ nervous system.
sympathetic
____________ is a hormone released by the thyroid gland that increases metabolic rate and heat production.
Thyroid hormone
____________ released during stress can also increase metabolic rate and heat production.
Epinephrine
Eccrine sweat glands produce more ________ sweat than apocrine sweat glands; that means that eccrine sweat is more involved in _____________.
watery, thermoregulation (evaporation)
