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Phys Facts > Metabolism > Flashcards

Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

The process of converting glucose to pyruvate is called __________.

A

glycolysis

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2
Q

Glycolysis occurs in the __________.

A

cytosol

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3
Q

Glycolysis produces a net gain of __________ ATP molecules.

A

2

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4
Q

In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted to __________.

A

lactic acid

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5
Q

The conversion of lactic acid to glucose is called the __________ cycle.

A

Cori

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6
Q

Acetyl CoA is produced in the __________ matrix.

A

mitochondrial

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7
Q

Cyanide binds to the __________ complex and blocks the last step of the electron transport chain.

A

cytochrome oxidase

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8
Q

The hormone __________ promotes energy storage following a meal.

A

insulin

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9
Q

The hormone __________ promotes the breakdown of stored energy during fasting.

A

glucagon

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10
Q

__________ amino acids can be converted to glucose.

A

Glucogenic

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11
Q

Examples of glucogenic amino acids include alanine, serine, threonine, __________, and __________.

A

glutamine, glutamate

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12
Q

TAG stands for __________.

A

triacylglycerol

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13
Q

The __________ state refers to the period following a meal when nutrients are being absorbed.

A

absorptive

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14
Q

The __________ state refers to the period between meals when the body relies on stored energy.

A

postabsorptive

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15
Q

__________ is the hormone that signals hunger.

A

Ghrelin

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16
Q

__________ is a hormone produced by adipose tissue that signals satiety.

A

Leptin

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17
Q

__________ is a neuropeptide that stimulates food intake.

A

Neuropeptide Y

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18
Q

AgRP stands for __________ peptide.

A

agouti-related

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19
Q

What analogy is used to describe energy storage and utilization in the body?

A

Savings and checking accounts

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20
Q

What is the “savings account” for energy in the body?

A

Energy storage

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21
Q

What process is associated with “spending” energy in the body?

A

Oxidation of glucose

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22
Q

What is essential for aerobic respiration?

A

Oxygen

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23
Q

What types of respiration can occur without oxygen?

A

Anaerobic

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24
Q

Where do lipid and amino acid metabolism enter the metabolic pathways?

A

1) Pyruvic acid, 2) Acetyl CoA, 3) Krebs Cycle

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25
Q

Steps 1-7 of metabolic pathways occur in the __________, while steps 8 & 9 occur inside __________.

A

cytosol, mitochondria

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26
Q

Step 10 of the metabolic pathway takes place on the __________.

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

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27
Q

What term describes the pathways active during energy storage following a meal?

A

Absorptive state pathways

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28
Q

What is the “ultimate summary” of metabolic processes?

A

Energy capture

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29
Q

What are the three main metabolic pathways involved in energy production?

A

Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, Electron transport chain

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30
Q

The electron transport chain takes place in the __________ of the mitochondria.

A

inner membrane

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31
Q

What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?

A

Oxygen

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32
Q

What are the two main types of adipose tissue?

A

White adipose tissue and brown adipose tissue

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33
Q

__________ adipose tissue is specialized for energy storage, while __________ adipose tissue is specialized for heat production.

A

White, brown

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34
Q

What process is responsible for the breakdown of fatty acids?

A

Beta-oxidation

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35
Q

During the absorptive state, the body primarily utilizes __________ for energy.

A

glucose

36
Q

__________, produced by adipose tissue, acts on the hypothalamus to suppress appetite and promote energy expenditure.

A

Leptin

37
Q

Gluconeogenesis is stimulated by glucagon and ________.

A

cortisol

38
Q

Lipolysis is stimulated by epinephrine, cortisol, and _________.

A

norepinephrine

39
Q

Lipogenesis is stimulated by ________.

A

insulin

40
Q

In protein ___________, protein synthesis is directed by DNA and utilizes cells’ RNA and ribosomes.

A

anabolism

41
Q

In protein catabolism, amino acids are oxidized via Krebs cycle after __________. Ammonia resulting from ________ is converted into urea in the liver, passed into blood, and excreted in urine. Amino acids can be converted into glucose, fatty acids, and/or ketone bodies.

A

deamination, deamination

42
Q

Triglyceride __________ is the synthesis of triglycerides from glucose and fatty acids (aka ____________). Triglycerides are stored in adipose tissue.

A

anabolism, lipogenesis

43
Q

In triglyceride catabolism, triglycerides are broken down into _________ and __________.

A

glycerol, fatty acids

44
Q

Glycerol being converted into glucose is called ____________.

A

gluconeogenesis

45
Q

Fatty acids are catabolized via beta oxidation into ___________ that can enter the Krebs cycle for ATP production or be converted into ketone bodies.

A

acetyl coenzyme A

46
Q

Some glucose is converted into glycogen (___________) for storage if not needed immediately for ATP production.

A

glycogenesis

47
Q

What is the general range of skin temperature at the body trunk?

A

33.5° to 36.9° C

48
Q

Skin ___________ change the hypothalamic sensitivity to temperature.

A

thermoreceptors

49
Q

___________ regulate blood flow to adjust body temperature.

A

Temperature-regulating reflexes

50
Q

What are the body’s reactions to changes in temperature called?

A

Thermoresponses

51
Q

Hyperthermia is characterized by __________ heat loss and __________ heat production.

A

reduced, increased

52
Q

What is the full name of the brain region abbreviated as OVLT?

A

Organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis

53
Q

Sweat is initially __________ as it is produced.

A

isosmotic

54
Q

As sweat travels through the duct, it becomes __________ due to the reabsorption of __________ and __________.

A

hyposmotic, sodium, chloride

55
Q

__________ channels are involved in temperature sensation.

A

TRP

56
Q

TRP channels are also __________ channels, allowing for the influx of these ions.

A

calcium ion

57
Q

The absolute limit of human tolerance for wet-bulb temperature is approximately __________.

A

35°C or 95°F

58
Q

__________ is the process of maintaining a stable internal body temperature.

A

Thermoregulation

59
Q

The __________ is the primary control center for thermoregulation in the brain.

A

hypothalamus

60
Q

____________ are specialized sensory receptors in the skin and internal organs that detect changes in temperature.

A

Thermoreceptors

61
Q

When body temperature rises above the set point, the hypothalamus activates mechanisms to __________ heat loss.

A

increase

62
Q

__________ is the widening of blood vessels, which increases blood flow to the skin and facilitates heat loss through radiation and convection.

A

Vasodilation

63
Q

___________ is the production of sweat, which cools the body as it evaporates from the skin.

A

Sweating

64
Q

When body temperature falls below the set point, the hypothalamus triggers mechanisms to __________ heat production and __________ heat loss.

A

increase, decrease

65
Q

____________ is the narrowing of blood vessels, which reduces blood flow to the skin and conserves heat.

A

Vasoconstriction

66
Q

__________ is an involuntary muscle contraction that generates heat.

A

Shivering

67
Q

___________ is a regulated elevation in body temperature often caused by infection.

A

Fever

68
Q

___________, substances that cause fever, are released by immune cells and certain bacteria.

A

Pyrogens

69
Q

Pyrogens act on the hypothalamus to __________ the set point for body temperature.

A

increase

70
Q

NSAIDs, or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, help control fever by inhibiting the production of ____________.

A

prostaglandins

71
Q

___________ are hormone-like substances that play a role in inflammation and fever.

A

Prostaglandins

72
Q

Heat __________ through the body primarily via blood circulation.

A

exchange

73
Q

The __________ of the body, with its large surface area, plays a critical role in heat exchange with the environment.

A

skin

74
Q

_____________ is the transfer of heat through electromagnetic waves.

A

Radiation

75
Q

_____________ is the transfer of heat through the movement of fluids (air or water).

A

Convection

76
Q

_____________ is the transfer of heat through direct contact.

A

Conduction

77
Q

_____________ is the primary mechanism for heat loss when environmental temperatures are high.

A

Sweating

78
Q

During exercise, heat production by __________ significantly increases.

A

muscles

79
Q

_______________ is a life-threatening condition characterized by an inability to regulate body temperature.

A

Heatstroke

80
Q

_______________ occurs when the body loses heat faster than it can produce it.

A

Hypothermia

81
Q

______________ is a milder form of heat-related illness characterized by fatigue, dizziness, and nausea.

A

Heat exhaustion

82
Q

Brown adipose tissue generates heat through a process called ____________.

A

non-shivering thermogenesis

83
Q

Brown adipose tissue is abundant in __________ and plays a crucial role in maintaining their body temperature.

A

infants

84
Q

The activity of brown adipose tissue is stimulated by the ______________ nervous system.

A

sympathetic

85
Q

____________ is a hormone released by the thyroid gland that increases metabolic rate and heat production.

A

Thyroid hormone

86
Q

____________ released during stress can also increase metabolic rate and heat production.

A

Epinephrine

87
Q

Eccrine sweat glands produce more ________ sweat than apocrine sweat glands; that means that eccrine sweat is more involved in _____________.

A

watery, thermoregulation (evaporation)

Phys Facts (7 decks)

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