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Phys Facts > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

The endocrine system is responsible for the production and release of __________.

A

hormones

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2
Q

__________ hormones are associated with proteins in the bloodstream.

A

Lipid soluble

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3
Q

Endocrine hormones act on __________ cells.

A

target

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4
Q

The degree of association between lipid-soluble hormones and proteins can vary with the __________.

A

environment (pH, ions, etc.)

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5
Q

The __________ form of a lipid-soluble hormone is the active form.

A

free

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6
Q

Lipid-soluble hormones generally act via __________ receptors.

A

intracellular

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7
Q

Lipid-soluble hormones generally affect the synthesis of specific __________ within the cell.

A

proteins

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8
Q

__________ hormones act via specific receptors on the target cell membrane.

A

Hydrophillic

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9
Q

Hydrophilic hormone-receptor interaction activates __________ systems within the cell.

A

second messenger

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10
Q

The three chemical categories of endocrine hormones are amine, peptide, and __________.

A

steroid

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11
Q

Ultrashort-loop feedback regulation occurs when a hormone inhibits its own __________.

A

secretion

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12
Q

The two aspects of the dose-response relationship are responsiveness and __________.

A

sensitivity

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13
Q

Responsiveness refers to the __________ response.

A

maximum

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14
Q

Sensitivity refers to the concentration of hormone that produces __________ the maximum response.

A

half

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15
Q

A __________ effect occurs when one hormone allows another hormone to exert its full effect.

A

permissive

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16
Q

True or False: Both lipid-soluble and lipid-insoluble hormones act as first messengers.

A

True

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17
Q

Signal transduction mechanisms for lipid-insoluble hormones involve __________.

A

GPCRs

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18
Q

Signal transduction mechanisms for lipid-soluble hormones involve __________ hormone receptors.

A

steroid

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19
Q

G-protein coupled receptors produce more __________ effects, while steroid hormone receptors produce __________ response effects.

A

rapid, slower

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20
Q

The two types of enzyme-linked (catalytic) receptors are receptor tyrosine kinase and __________.

A

tyrosine kinase-associated receptor

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21
Q

The signal transduction mechanism for tyrosine kinase involves a __________ of intracellular signaling.

A

cascade

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22
Q

Steroid hormone receptors bind to specific DNA sequences called __________.

A

steroid response elements

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23
Q

True or False: Endocrine hormones are synthesized as needed and/or produced and stored for release as needed.

A

True

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24
Q

The steps in hormone signaling include stimulus, stimulus detection, hormone release, hormone processing, hormone detection at the effector cell, intracellular events, and __________ to the hormone signal.

A

response

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25
Q

The endocrine system consists of various __________ located throughout the body.

A

glands

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26
Q

Endocrine glands release hormones directly into the __________.

A

bloodstream

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27
Q

The __________ gland is often referred to as the “master gland” because it controls many other endocrine glands.

A

pituitary

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28
Q

The __________ gland produces hormones that regulate metabolism.

A

thyroid

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29
Q

The __________ glands produce hormones that regulate calcium levels in the blood.

A

parathyroid

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30
Q

The __________ glands produce hormones that regulate stress response.

A

adrenal

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31
Q

The __________ produces insulin and glucagon, which regulate blood sugar levels.

A

pancreas

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32
Q

The __________ produce estrogen and progesterone in females, and testosterone in males.

A

gonads (ovaries and testes)

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33
Q

Hormones travel through the bloodstream to reach their __________ cells.

A

target

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34
Q

Hormone receptors are specific __________ that bind to particular hormones.

A

proteins

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35
Q

Hormone binding to its receptor triggers a __________ of events within the target cell.

A

cascade

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36
Q

__________ feedback loops help to maintain hormone levels within a normal range.

A

Negative

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37
Q

__________ feedback loops amplify hormone production.

A

Positive

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38
Q

Endocrine disorders can result from either __________ or __________ of hormone production.

A

overproduction, underproduction

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39
Q

__________ is a condition characterized by high blood sugar levels due to insufficient insulin production or insulin resistance.

A

Diabetes

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40
Q

__________ disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes an overactive thyroid gland.

A

Graves’

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41
Q

__________ is a condition characterized by low thyroid hormone levels.

A

Hypothyroidism

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42
Q

__________ syndrome is caused by an overproduction of cortisol by the adrenal glands.

A

Cushing’s

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43
Q

__________ disease is caused by an underproduction of cortisol by the adrenal glands.

A

Addison’s

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44
Q

__________ hormone is essential for growth and development.

A

Growth

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45
Q

__________ hormones, such as estrogen and testosterone, play a key role in sexual development and reproduction.

A

Sex

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46
Q

The endocrine system interacts closely with the __________ system to regulate various bodily functions.

A

nervous

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47
Q

__________ are chemical messengers that act over short distances between neurons or between neurons and target cells.

A

Neurotransmitters

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48
Q

__________ are hormones produced by neurons that are released into the bloodstream.

A

Neurohormones

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49
Q

The __________ is a brain region that links the nervous and endocrine systems.

A

hypothalamus

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50
Q

True or False: Thyroid hormone is hydrophilic.

A

False, it’s lipophilic

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51
Q

The hypothalamus and the pituitary gland make up the _____.

A

Hypothalamic-pituitary axis

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52
Q

The posterior pituitary is also known as the _____.

A

Neurohypophysis

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53
Q

The anterior pituitary is also known as the _____.

A

Adenohypophysis

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54
Q

The _____ neurons produce primarily ADH.

A

superoptic

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55
Q

The _____ neurons primarily produce oxytocin.

A

paraventricular

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56
Q

_____ are carrier proteins that transport hormones from the hypothalamic nuclei to the posterior pituitary.

A

Neurophysins

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57
Q

ADH secretion is stimulated by signals from _____ and _____.

A

osmoreceptors, baroreceptors

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58
Q

Oxytocin and ADH use the _____ signaling pathway.

A

JAK/STAT

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59
Q

_____ from the hypothalamus stimulates GH secretion.

A

Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)

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60
Q

Somatostatin is also known as _____.

A

Somatotropin release-inhibiting hormone (SRIF)

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61
Q

Somatostatin (SRIF) _____ the release of growth hormone.

A

inhibits

62
Q

Growth hormone secretion exhibits a _____ pattern of release.

A

cyclical/pulsatile

63
Q

Growth hormone acts directly on target tissues and indirectly via the production of _____.

A

Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1)

64
Q

The cells in the anterior pituitary that secrete growth hormone are called _____.

A

somatotrophs

65
Q

The cells in the anterior pituitary that secrete prolactin are called _____.

A

lactotrophs

66
Q

The growth hormone receptor utilizes the _____ signaling pathway.

A

JAK/STAT

67
Q

GHRH acts on the anterior pituitary to stimulate the synthesis and release of _____.

A

growth hormone

68
Q

The posterior pituitary hormones are synthesized in the _____.

A

hypothalamus

69
Q

The posterior pituitary stores and releases _____ and ______.

A

ADH, oxytocin

70
Q

A key difference between the anterior and posterior pituitary is their connection to the hypothalamus. The posterior pituitary has a _____ connection, while the anterior pituitary has a _____ connection.

A

neural, vascular

71
Q

_____ increases water reabsorption in the kidneys.

A

ADH

72
Q

_____ stimulates uterine contractions and milk ejection.

A

Oxytocin

73
Q

Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) primarily mediates the effects of _____ on _____ growth.

A

growth hormone, bone and soft tissue

74
Q

Increased blood osmolarity stimulates the release of _____.

A

ADH

75
Q

Decreased blood pressure stimulates the release of _____.

A

ADH

76
Q

Suckling stimulates the release of _____.

A

oxytocin

77
Q

Stress inhibits the release of _____.

A

growth hormone

78
Q

Growth hormone promotes _____ nitrogen balance.

A

positive

79
Q

Growth hormone increases _____ levels in the blood.

A

glucose

80
Q

Growth hormone stimulates the production of _____ in the liver.

A

IGF-1

81
Q

IGF-1 promotes _____ growth.

A

bone and soft tissue

82
Q

The hypothalamic-pituitary axis is an example of a _____ system.

A

neuroendocrine

83
Q

The hypothalamus releases _____ hormones that regulate the anterior pituitary.

A

releasing and inhibiting

84
Q

_____ acts on the kidneys to conserve water.

A

ADH

85
Q

_____ can stimulate milk production in lactating mothers.

A

Prolactin

86
Q

Growth hormone deficiency in childhood can lead to _____.

A

dwarfish

87
Q

Growth hormone excess in adulthood can lead to _____.

A

acromegaly

88
Q

The hypothalamic neurons that produce ADH are located in the _____ nucleus.

A

superoptic

89
Q

The hypothalamic neurons that produce oxytocin are located in the _____ nucleus.

A

paraventricular

90
Q

Neurophysins are _____ proteins.

A

carrier

91
Q

The primary target organ of ADH is the _____.

A

kidney

92
Q

The primary target organs of oxytocin are the _____ and _____.

A

uterus, mammary glands

93
Q

Cortisol is an example of a ____________.

A

glucocorticoid

94
Q

Somatostatin inhibits the anterior pituitary to release _____.

A

growth hormone

95
Q

The primary target of GHRH is the _____.

A

anterior pituitary

96
Q

The primary target of somatostatin is the _____.

A

anterior pituitary

97
Q

GHRH acts under a _______ feedback loop by stimulating somatostatin, an inhibitor.

A

negative

98
Q

The growth hormone receptor is a _____ receptor.

A

cell surface/membrane

99
Q

Growth hormone acts via ______ receptors.

A

tyrosine kinase

100
Q

Growth hormone synthesis requires ________ transcription factor.

A

Pit-1

101
Q

The Islets of Langerhans are clusters of endocrine cells found in the _____.

A

pancreas

102
Q

The Islets of Langerhans contain alpha cells that secrete _____, beta cells that secrete _____, delta cells that secrete _____, and PP cells that secrete _____.

A

Glucagon, insulin, somatostatin, pancreatic polypeptide

103
Q

_____(three) cells in the Islets of Langerhans are connected by gap junctions, allowing for coordinated hormone release.

A

Alpha, beta, and delta

104
Q

Blood flows from the _____ cells to the _____ cells in the Islets of Langerhans.

A

beta, alpha

105
Q

_____ is a peptide hormone that is co-secreted with insulin and can be used to determine endogenous insulin levels.

A

C-peptide

106
Q

Insulin secretion is stimulated by an increase in blood _____.

A

glucose

107
Q

The _____ effect refers to the phenomenon where oral glucose elicits a greater insulin response than intravenous glucose.

A

incretin

108
Q

Two important incretin hormones are _____ and _____.

A

GIP, GLP-1

109
Q

Insulin binding to its receptor on target cells leads to _____ of the receptor.

A

down regulation

110
Q

Insulin secretion oscillates with a period of _____ minutes.

A

3-6

111
Q

The insulin receptor is a _____ receptor.

A

tyrosine kinase

112
Q

Insulin signaling activates a cascade of intracellular events, including the phosphorylation of _____.

A

Insulin receptor substrates (IRS)

113
Q

In most tissues, insulin promotes _____ uptake.

A

glucose

114
Q

Insulin promotes _____ synthesis in the liver and skeletal muscle.

A

glycogen

115
Q

Insulin stimulates _____ and carbohydrate oxidation.

A

glycolysis

116
Q

Insulin promotes _____ synthesis.

A

protein

117
Q

In adipose tissue, insulin promotes _____ synthesis and storage.

A

fat

118
Q

Insulin promotes the synthesis of _____, an enzyme that breaks down triglycerides in lipoproteins.

A

Lipoprotein lipase (LPL)

119
Q

_____ is a peptide hormone produced by alpha cells that opposes the actions of insulin.

A

Glucagon

120
Q

_____ is the most potent insulinotropic hormone known.

A

GLP-1

121
Q

Glucagon promotes _____ breakdown in the liver.

A

glycogen

122
Q

Glucagon stimulates _____ in the liver.

A

gluconeogenesis

123
Q

Glucagon promotes the oxidation of _____ to produce ketone bodies.

A

fats

124
Q

Glucagon has no direct effect on _____.

A

muscle

125
Q

_____ is produced by delta cells and inhibits both insulin and glucagon secretion.

A

Somatostatin

126
Q

_____ is produced by PP cells and regulates pancreatic secretion activities (both endocrine and exocrine).

A

Pancreatic polypeptide

127
Q

_____ is a condition characterized by hyperglycemia (high blood glucose).

A

Diabetes mellitus

128
Q

_____ diabetes is characterized by the autoimmune destruction of beta cells, resulting in an absolute deficiency of insulin.

A

Type 1

129
Q

_____ diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance and a relative deficiency of insulin.

A

Type 2

130
Q

In diabetes, the body switches to burning _____ for energy, leading to the production of acidic ketone bodies.

A

fatty acids

131
Q

The low pKa of ketone bodies can lead to _____.

A

metabolic acidosis

132
Q

Diabetic ketoacidosis is a life-threatening complication of diabetes, primarily seen in individuals with _____ diabetes.

A

type 1

133
Q

Increased blood glucose in diabetes leads to _____ diuresis, resulting in excessive urine production and dehydration.

A

osmotic

134
Q

The breakdown of fats for energy in diabetes leads to an increase in blood _____.

A

fatty acids

135
Q

In diabetes, there is an increase in blood _____ due to protein breakdown for energy.

A

amino acids

136
Q

The accumulation of ketoacids in the blood leads to _____.

A

diabetic ketoacidosis

137
Q

Hyperkalemia in diabetes is caused by a shift of _____ out of cells.

A

potassium

138
Q

Insulin is synthesized as a precursor molecule called _____.

A

preproinsulin

139
Q

Preproinsulin is cleaved to form _____, which is further cleaved to produce insulin and C-peptide.

A

proinsulin

140
Q

The primary target organs for glucagon action are the _____ and _____.

A

liver, adipose tissue

141
Q

A protein-rich meal stimulates the release of _____.

A

pancreatic polypeptide

142
Q

Fasting, exercise, and acute hypoglycemia stimulate the release of _____.

A

pancreatic polypeptide

143
Q

_____ and intravenous glucose inhibit pancreatic polypeptide secretion.

A

Somatostatin

144
Q

Glucose-counterregulatory controls help to maintain blood glucose levels within a narrow range, especially during periods of _____.

A

fasting/hypoglycemia

145
Q

In response to hypoglycemia, the hormone _____ is released from the adrenal medulla.

A

epinephrine

146
Q

_____ from the adrenal cortex is released in response to hypoglycemia.

A

Cortisol

147
Q

Growth hormone is released from the _____ in response to hypoglycemia.

A

anterior pituitary

148
Q

_____ release is also increased during hypoglycemia to promote glycogen breakdown.

A

Glucagon

149
Q

The overall effect of glucose-counterregulatory controls is to _____ blood glucose levels.

A

increase

150
Q

The symptoms and complications of diabetes are primarily caused by _____.

A

hyperglycemia and the accumulation of ketone bodies

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