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Phys Facts > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

The endocrine system is responsible for the production and release of __________.

A

hormones

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2
Q

__________ hormones are associated with proteins in the bloodstream.

A

Lipid soluble

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3
Q

Endocrine hormones act on __________ cells.

A

target

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4
Q

The degree of association between lipid-soluble hormones and proteins can vary with the __________.

A

environment (pH, ions, etc.)

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5
Q

The __________ form of a lipid-soluble hormone is the active form.

A

free

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6
Q

Lipid-soluble hormones generally act via __________ receptors.

A

intracellular

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7
Q

Lipid-soluble hormones generally affect the synthesis of specific __________ within the cell.

A

proteins

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8
Q

__________ hormones act via specific receptors on the target cell membrane.

A

Hydrophillic

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9
Q

Hydrophilic hormone-receptor interaction activates __________ systems within the cell.

A

second messenger

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10
Q

The three chemical categories of endocrine hormones are amine, peptide, and __________.

A

steroid

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11
Q

Ultrashort-loop feedback regulation occurs when a hormone inhibits its own __________.

A

secretion

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12
Q

The two aspects of the dose-response relationship are responsiveness and __________.

A

sensitivity

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13
Q

Responsiveness refers to the __________ response.

A

maximum

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14
Q

Sensitivity refers to the concentration of hormone that produces __________ the maximum response.

A

half

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15
Q

A __________ effect occurs when one hormone allows another hormone to exert its full effect.

A

permissive

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16
Q

True or False: Both lipid-soluble and lipid-insoluble hormones act as first messengers.

A

True

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17
Q

Signal transduction mechanisms for lipid-insoluble hormones involve __________.

A

GPCRs

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18
Q

Signal transduction mechanisms for lipid-soluble hormones involve __________ hormone receptors.

A

steroid

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19
Q

G-protein coupled receptors produce more __________ effects, while steroid hormone receptors produce __________ response effects.

A

rapid, slower

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20
Q

The two types of enzyme-linked (catalytic) receptors are receptor tyrosine kinase and __________.

A

tyrosine kinase-associated receptor

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21
Q

The signal transduction mechanism for tyrosine kinase involves a __________ of intracellular signaling.

A

cascade

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22
Q

Steroid hormone receptors bind to specific DNA sequences called __________.

A

steroid response elements

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23
Q

True or False: Endocrine hormones are synthesized as needed and/or produced and stored for release as needed.

A

True

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24
Q

The steps in hormone signaling include stimulus, stimulus detection, hormone release, hormone processing, hormone detection at the effector cell, intracellular events, and __________ to the hormone signal.

A

response

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25
Q

The endocrine system consists of various __________ located throughout the body.

A

glands

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26
Q

Endocrine glands release hormones directly into the __________.

A

bloodstream

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27
Q

The __________ gland is often referred to as the “master gland” because it controls many other endocrine glands.

A

pituitary

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28
Q

The __________ gland produces hormones that regulate metabolism.

A

thyroid

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29
Q

The __________ glands produce hormones that regulate calcium levels in the blood.

A

parathyroid

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30
Q

The __________ glands produce hormones that regulate stress response.

A

adrenal

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31
Q

The __________ produces insulin and glucagon, which regulate blood sugar levels.

A

pancreas

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32
Q

The __________ produce estrogen and progesterone in females, and testosterone in males.

A

gonads (ovaries and testes)

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33
Q

Hormones travel through the bloodstream to reach their __________ cells.

A

target

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34
Q

Hormone receptors are specific __________ that bind to particular hormones.

A

proteins

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35
Q

Hormone binding to its receptor triggers a __________ of events within the target cell.

A

cascade

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36
Q

__________ feedback loops help to maintain hormone levels within a normal range.

A

Negative

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37
Q

__________ feedback loops amplify hormone production.

A

Positive

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38
Q

Endocrine disorders can result from either __________ or __________ of hormone production.

A

overproduction, underproduction

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39
Q

__________ is a condition characterized by high blood sugar levels due to insufficient insulin production or insulin resistance.

A

Diabetes

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40
Q

__________ disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes an overactive thyroid gland.

A

Graves’

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41
Q

__________ is a condition characterized by low thyroid hormone levels.

A

Hypothyroidism

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42
Q

__________ syndrome is caused by an overproduction of cortisol by the adrenal glands.

A

Cushing’s

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43
Q

__________ disease is caused by an underproduction of cortisol by the adrenal glands.

A

Addison’s

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44
Q

__________ hormone is essential for growth and development.

A

Growth

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45
Q

__________ hormones, such as estrogen and testosterone, play a key role in sexual development and reproduction.

A

Sex

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46
Q

The endocrine system interacts closely with the __________ system to regulate various bodily functions.

A

nervous

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47
Q

__________ are chemical messengers that act over short distances between neurons or between neurons and target cells.

A

Neurotransmitters

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48
Q

__________ are hormones produced by neurons that are released into the bloodstream.

A

Neurohormones

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49
Q

The __________ is a brain region that links the nervous and endocrine systems.

A

hypothalamus

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50
Q

True or False: Thyroid hormone is hydrophilic.

A

False, it’s lipophilic

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51
Q

The hypothalamus and the pituitary gland make up the _____.

A

Hypothalamic-pituitary axis

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52
Q

The posterior pituitary is also known as the _____.

A

Neurohypophysis

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53
Q

The anterior pituitary is also known as the _____.

A

Adenohypophysis

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54
Q

The _____ neurons produce primarily ADH.

A

superoptic

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55
Q

The _____ neurons primarily produce oxytocin.

A

paraventricular

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56
Q

_____ are carrier proteins that transport hormones from the hypothalamic nuclei to the posterior pituitary.

A

Neurophysins

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57
Q

ADH secretion is stimulated by signals from _____ and _____.

A

osmoreceptors, baroreceptors

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58
Q

Oxytocin and ADH use the _____ signaling pathway.

A

JAK/STAT

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59
Q

_____ from the hypothalamus stimulates GH secretion.

A

Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)

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60
Q

Somatostatin is also known as _____.

A

Somatotropin release-inhibiting hormone (SRIF)

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61
Q

Somatostatin (SRIF) _____ the release of growth hormone.

A

inhibits

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62
Q

Growth hormone secretion exhibits a _____ pattern of release.

A

cyclical/pulsatile

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63
Q

Growth hormone acts directly on target tissues and indirectly via the production of _____.

A

Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1)

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64
Q

The cells in the anterior pituitary that secrete growth hormone are called _____.

A

somatotrophs

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65
Q

The cells in the anterior pituitary that secrete prolactin are called _____.

A

lactotrophs

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66
Q

The growth hormone receptor utilizes the _____ signaling pathway.

A

JAK/STAT

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67
Q

GHRH acts on the anterior pituitary to stimulate the synthesis and release of _____.

A

growth hormone

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68
Q

The posterior pituitary hormones are synthesized in the _____.

A

hypothalamus

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69
Q

The posterior pituitary stores and releases _____ and ______.

A

ADH, oxytocin

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70
Q

A key difference between the anterior and posterior pituitary is their connection to the hypothalamus. The posterior pituitary has a _____ connection, while the anterior pituitary has a _____ connection.

A

neural, vascular

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71
Q

_____ increases water reabsorption in the kidneys.

A

ADH

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72
Q

_____ stimulates uterine contractions and milk ejection.

A

Oxytocin

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73
Q

Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) primarily mediates the effects of _____ on _____ growth.

A

growth hormone, bone and soft tissue

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74
Q

Increased blood osmolarity stimulates the release of _____.

A

ADH

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75
Q

Decreased blood pressure stimulates the release of _____.

A

ADH

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76
Q

Suckling stimulates the release of _____.

A

oxytocin

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77
Q

Stress inhibits the release of _____.

A

growth hormone

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78
Q

Growth hormone promotes _____ nitrogen balance.

A

positive

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79
Q

Growth hormone increases _____ levels in the blood.

A

glucose

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80
Q

Growth hormone stimulates the production of _____ in the liver.

A

IGF-1

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81
Q

IGF-1 promotes _____ growth.

A

bone and soft tissue

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82
Q

The hypothalamic-pituitary axis is an example of a _____ system.

A

neuroendocrine

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83
Q

The hypothalamus releases _____ hormones that regulate the anterior pituitary.

A

releasing and inhibiting

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84
Q

_____ acts on the kidneys to conserve water.

A

ADH

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85
Q

_____ can stimulate milk production in lactating mothers.

A

Prolactin

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86
Q

Growth hormone deficiency in childhood can lead to _____.

A

dwarfish

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87
Q

Growth hormone excess in adulthood can lead to _____.

A

acromegaly

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88
Q

The hypothalamic neurons that produce ADH are located in the _____ nucleus.

A

superoptic

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89
Q

The hypothalamic neurons that produce oxytocin are located in the _____ nucleus.

A

paraventricular

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90
Q

Neurophysins are _____ proteins.

A

carrier

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91
Q

The primary target organ of ADH is the _____.

A

kidney

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92
Q

The primary target organs of oxytocin are the _____ and _____.

A

uterus, mammary glands

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93
Q

Cortisol is an example of a ____________.

A

glucocorticoid

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94
Q

Somatostatin inhibits the anterior pituitary to release _____.

A

growth hormone

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95
Q

The primary target of GHRH is the _____.

A

anterior pituitary

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96
Q

The primary target of somatostatin is the _____.

A

anterior pituitary

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97
Q

GHRH acts under a _______ feedback loop by stimulating somatostatin, an inhibitor.

A

negative

98
Q

The growth hormone receptor is a _____ receptor.

A

cell surface/membrane

99
Q

Growth hormone acts via ______ receptors.

A

tyrosine kinase

100
Q

Growth hormone synthesis requires ________ transcription factor.

A

Pit-1

101
Q

The Islets of Langerhans are clusters of endocrine cells found in the _____.

A

pancreas

102
Q

The Islets of Langerhans contain alpha cells that secrete _____, beta cells that secrete _____, delta cells that secrete _____, and PP cells that secrete _____.

A

Glucagon, insulin, somatostatin, pancreatic polypeptide

103
Q

_____(three) cells in the Islets of Langerhans are connected by gap junctions, allowing for coordinated hormone release.

A

Alpha, beta, and delta

104
Q

Blood flows from the _____ cells to the _____ cells in the Islets of Langerhans.

A

beta, alpha

105
Q

_____ is a peptide hormone that is co-secreted with insulin and can be used to determine endogenous insulin levels.

A

C-peptide

106
Q

Insulin secretion is stimulated by an increase in blood _____.

A

glucose

107
Q

The _____ effect refers to the phenomenon where oral glucose elicits a greater insulin response than intravenous glucose.

A

incretin

108
Q

Two important incretin hormones are _____ and _____.

A

GIP, GLP-1

109
Q

Insulin binding to its receptor on target cells leads to _____ of the receptor.

A

down regulation

110
Q

Insulin secretion oscillates with a period of _____ minutes.

A

3-6

111
Q

The insulin receptor is a _____ receptor.

A

tyrosine kinase

112
Q

Insulin signaling activates a cascade of intracellular events, including the phosphorylation of _____.

A

Insulin receptor substrates (IRS)

113
Q

In most tissues, insulin promotes _____ uptake.

A

glucose

114
Q

Insulin promotes _____ synthesis in the liver and skeletal muscle.

A

glycogen

115
Q

Insulin stimulates _____ and carbohydrate oxidation.

A

glycolysis

116
Q

Insulin promotes _____ synthesis.

A

protein

117
Q

In adipose tissue, insulin promotes _____ synthesis and storage.

A

fat

118
Q

Insulin promotes the synthesis of _____, an enzyme that breaks down triglycerides in lipoproteins.

A

Lipoprotein lipase (LPL)

119
Q

_____ is a peptide hormone produced by alpha cells that opposes the actions of insulin.

A

Glucagon

120
Q

_____ is the most potent insulinotropic hormone known.

A

GLP-1

121
Q

Glucagon promotes _____ breakdown in the liver.

A

glycogen

122
Q

Glucagon stimulates _____ in the liver.

A

gluconeogenesis

123
Q

Glucagon promotes the oxidation of _____ to produce ketone bodies.

A

fats

124
Q

Glucagon has no direct effect on _____.

A

muscle

125
Q

_____ is produced by delta cells and inhibits both insulin and glucagon secretion.

A

Somatostatin

126
Q

_____ is produced by PP cells and regulates pancreatic secretion activities (both endocrine and exocrine).

A

Pancreatic polypeptide

127
Q

_____ is a condition characterized by hyperglycemia (high blood glucose).

A

Diabetes mellitus

128
Q

_____ diabetes is characterized by the autoimmune destruction of beta cells, resulting in an absolute deficiency of insulin.

A

Type 1

129
Q

_____ diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance and a relative deficiency of insulin.

A

Type 2

130
Q

In diabetes, the body switches to burning _____ for energy, leading to the production of acidic ketone bodies.

A

fatty acids

131
Q

The low pKa of ketone bodies can lead to _____.

A

metabolic acidosis

132
Q

Diabetic ketoacidosis is a life-threatening complication of diabetes, primarily seen in individuals with _____ diabetes.

A

type 1

133
Q

Increased blood glucose in diabetes leads to _____ diuresis, resulting in excessive urine production and dehydration.

A

osmotic

134
Q

The breakdown of fats for energy in diabetes leads to an increase in blood _____.

A

fatty acids

135
Q

In diabetes, there is an increase in blood _____ due to protein breakdown for energy.

A

amino acids

136
Q

The accumulation of ketoacids in the blood leads to _____.

A

diabetic ketoacidosis

137
Q

Hyperkalemia in diabetes is caused by a shift of _____ out of cells.

A

potassium

138
Q

Insulin is synthesized as a precursor molecule called _____.

A

preproinsulin

139
Q

Preproinsulin is cleaved to form _____, which is further cleaved to produce insulin and C-peptide.

A

proinsulin

140
Q

The primary target organs for glucagon action are the _____ and _____.

A

liver, adipose tissue

141
Q

A protein-rich meal stimulates the release of _____.

A

pancreatic polypeptide

142
Q

Fasting, exercise, and acute hypoglycemia stimulate the release of _____.

A

pancreatic polypeptide

143
Q

_____ and intravenous glucose inhibit pancreatic polypeptide secretion.

A

Somatostatin

144
Q

Glucose-counterregulatory controls help to maintain blood glucose levels within a narrow range, especially during periods of _____.

A

fasting/hypoglycemia

145
Q

In response to hypoglycemia, the hormone _____ is released from the adrenal medulla.

A

epinephrine

146
Q

_____ from the adrenal cortex is released in response to hypoglycemia.

A

Cortisol

147
Q

Growth hormone is released from the _____ in response to hypoglycemia.

A

anterior pituitary

148
Q

_____ release is also increased during hypoglycemia to promote glycogen breakdown.

A

Glucagon

149
Q

The overall effect of glucose-counterregulatory controls is to _____ blood glucose levels.

A

increase

150
Q

The symptoms and complications of diabetes are primarily caused by _____.

A

hyperglycemia and the accumulation of ketone bodies

151
Q

The adrenal glands are located on top of the _____.

A

kidneys

152
Q

The outer portion of the adrenal gland is called the _____.

A

adrenal cortex

153
Q

The inner portion of the adrenal gland is called the _____.

A

adrenal medulla

154
Q

The adrenal cortex is responsible for the production of _____.

A

steroid hormones

155
Q

The adrenal medulla is responsible for the production of _____.

A

catecholamines

156
Q

The two main catecholamines produced by the adrenal medulla are _____ and _____.

A

epinephrine, norepinephrine

157
Q

Approximately 80% of the adrenal medulla’s output is _____.

A

epinephrine

158
Q

The enzyme that converts norepinephrine to epinephrine is _____.

A

phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT)

159
Q

_____ and _____ are enzymes that break down catecholamines.

A

Monoamine oxidase (MAO), catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT)

160
Q

Catecholamines are stored in _____ within chromaffin cells.

A

chromaffin granules

161
Q

The transporter responsible for moving catecholamines into chromaffin granules is called _____.

A

vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT)

162
Q

There are two main types of adrenergic receptors: _____ and _____.

A

alpha (α), beta (β)

163
Q

Alpha-1 receptors are typically coupled to _____ G proteins.

A

Gq

164
Q

Alpha-2 receptors are typically coupled to _____ G proteins.

A

Gi

165
Q

Beta-1, Beta-2, and Beta-3 receptors are typically coupled to _____ G proteins.

A

Gs

166
Q

Activation of Beta-1 receptors in the heart increases _____, _____, and _____.

A

heart rate, contractility, conduction velocity

167
Q

Activation of Beta-2 receptors in the lungs causes _____.

A

bronchodilation

168
Q

Epinephrine stimulates _____ release from the liver, increasing blood glucose levels.

A

glucose

169
Q

Epinephrine promotes _____ breakdown in adipose tissue, providing free fatty acids for energy.

A

lipolysis (fat)

170
Q

Catecholamines can suppress the _____ system.

A

immune

171
Q

The three main categories of adrenocortical steroid hormones are _____, _____, and _____.

A

glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, adrenal androgens

172
Q

The primary glucocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex is _____.

A

cortisol

173
Q

The primary mineralocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex is _____.

A

aldosterone

174
Q

The precursor molecule for all adrenocortical steroid hormones is _____.

A

cholesterol

175
Q

______ inhibitors are a common therapeutic for excess catecholamines.

A

VMAT

176
Q

The rate-limiting step in adrenocortical steroid hormone synthesis is the conversion of cholesterol to _____ by the enzyme _____.

A

pregnenolone, P450scc (cholesterol desmolase)

177
Q

_____ is the primary regulator of cortisol synthesis.

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

178
Q

_____ is released from the hypothalamus and stimulates the release of ACTH from the anterior pituitary gland.

A

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

179
Q

_____ stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol.

A

ACTH

180
Q

Cortisol exerts negative feedback on both the _____ and the _____, inhibiting CRH and ACTH release.

A

hypothalamus, anterior pituitary gland

181
Q

Cortisol secretion exhibits a _____ pattern, with levels highest in the _____ and lowest in the _____.

A

diurnal (circadian), morning, evening

182
Q

Cortisol increases blood glucose levels by stimulating _____ and _____.

A

gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis

183
Q

Cortisol is essential for maintaining _____ and responding to _____.

A

blood pressure, stress

184
Q

_____ disease is caused by adrenal insufficiency, resulting in a deficiency of cortisol and aldosterone.

A

Addison’s

185
Q

_____ syndrome is caused by excessive cortisol production.

A

Cushing’s

186
Q

The most common defect in congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is a deficiency in the enzyme _____.

A

21-hydroxylase

187
Q

The _____ response to stress is mediated by the release of catecholamines from the adrenal medulla.

A

short-term (immediate)

188
Q

The _____ response to stress is mediated by the release of cortisol from the adrenal cortex.

A

long-term

189
Q

During stress, the hypothalamus releases _____, which triggers the release of ACTH.

A

CRH

190
Q

________ is required for estrogenic activity (in the A ring).

A

Aromaticity

191
Q

______ starts steroidogenesis.

A

ACTH

192
Q

Cortisol binds to _____ receptors.

A

glucocorticoid receptors (GR)

193
Q

The cortisol-receptor complex translocates to the _____ and binds to specific DNA sequences called _____, regulating gene expression.

A

nucleus, glucocorticoid response elements (GREs)

194
Q

The adrenal medulla is derived from _____.

A

neural crest cells

195
Q

The adrenal cortex is derived from _____.

A

mesoderm

196
Q

The zona glomerulosa is the outermost layer of the adrenal cortex and produces _____.

A

mineralocorticoids

197
Q

The zona fasciculata is the middle layer of the adrenal cortex and produces _____.

A

glucocorticoids

198
Q

The zona reticularis is the innermost layer of the adrenal cortex and produces _____.

A

adrenal androgens

199
Q

Pheochromocytoma is a tumor of the _____ that causes excessive catecholamine release.

A

adrenal medulla

200
Q

Primary adrenal insufficiency is caused by destruction of the _____.

A

adrenal cortex

201
Q

The thyroid gland is located in the _____.

A

neck

202
Q

The thyroid gland is responsible for producing the hormones _____, _____, and _____.

A

thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), calcitonin

203
Q

_____ cells in the thyroid gland produce T3 and T4.

A

Follicular

204
Q

_____ cells in the thyroid gland produce calcitonin.

A

Parafollicular

205
Q

Thyroid hormones are crucial for regulating _____, _____, and _____.

A

growth, development, metabolism

206
Q

The synthesis of thyroid hormones requires _____.

A

iodine

207
Q

Iodine is transported into follicular cells by the _____ transporter.

A

sodium-iodide symporter (NIS)

208
Q

Within the follicular cell, iodine is oxidized by the enzyme _____.

A

thyroid peroxidase (TPO)

209
Q

Oxidized iodine is then attached to tyrosine residues in the protein _____.

A

thyroglobulin (Tg)

210
Q

Two iodinated tyrosine residues are coupled to form either _____ or _____.

A

T4, T3

211
Q

T4 is the _____ form of thyroid hormone, while T3 is the _____ form.

A

major secreted, more active

212
Q

Most T3 is generated from T4 by the action of enzymes called _____.

A

iodothyronine deiodinases

213
Q

Thyroid hormones are transported in the blood bound to carrier proteins, primarily _____.

A

thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG)

214
Q

Only _____ thyroid hormone is biologically active.

A

free (unbound)

215
Q

_____ is a type of iodothyronine deiodinase that converts T4 to T3 in peripheral tissues.

A

D1

216
Q

_____ is a type of iodothyronine deiodinase that inactivates T4 and T3.

A

D3

217
Q

The hypothalamus releases _____, which stimulates the anterior pituitary to release _____.

A

thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

218
Q

_____ binds to receptors on follicular cells, stimulating the synthesis and release of T3 and T4.

A

TSH

219
Q

T3 and T4 exert _____ feedback inhibition on the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary, regulating their own secretion.

A

negative

220
Q

High levels of iodine can transiently _____ thyroid hormone synthesis, a phenomenon known as the _____.

A

inhibit, Wolff-Chaikoff effect

221
Q

Thyroid hormones bind to _____ receptors in the cell.

A

nuclear

222
Q

The thyroid hormone receptor forms a heterodimer with the _____ receptor.

A

retinoic acid X (RXR)

223
Q

The thyroid hormone-receptor complex binds to specific DNA sequences called _____, regulating gene expression.

A

thyroid hormone response elements (TREs)

224
Q

Thyroid hormones increase _____ by stimulating the synthesis of _____ in mitochondria.

A

basal metabolic rate (BMR), uncoupling proteins

225
Q

Thyroid hormones promote _____ synthesis, particularly in the developing nervous system.

A

protein

226
Q

Thyroid hormones enhance the effects of _____ by increasing the expression of beta-adrenergic receptors.

A

catecholamines

227
Q

Hypothyroidism is a condition characterized by _____ levels of thyroid hormones.

A

low

228
Q

In infants, severe hypothyroidism can lead to _____, a condition characterized by impaired mental and physical development.

A

cretinism

229
Q

The most common cause of hypothyroidism worldwide is _____.

A

iodine deficiency

230
Q

Hyperthyroidism is a condition characterized by _____ levels of thyroid hormones.

A

high

231
Q

_____ disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism.

A

Graves’

232
Q

A key feature of Graves’ disease is _____, a protrusion of the eyeballs.

A

exophthalmos

233
Q

_____ is a severe and life-threatening complication of hyperthyroidism.

A

Thyroid storm

234
Q

A _____ scan uses radioactive iodine to visualize the thyroid gland and assess its function.

A

radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU)

235
Q

Hypothyroidism is typically treated with _____ hormone replacement therapy.

A

levothyroxine (synthetic T4)

236
Q

Radioactive iodine therapy can be used to _____ the thyroid gland in cases of hyperthyroidism.

A

destroy

237
Q

A _____ is an enlargement of the thyroid gland.

A

goiter

238
Q

True or False: Goiters can occur in both hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism.

A

True

239
Q

A “cold nodule” on a thyroid scan indicates an area of _____ iodine uptake, which can be suggestive of _____.

A

decreased, thyroid cancer

240
Q

_____ is a protein that transports cholesterol into the mitochondria of steroid-producing cells, including thyroid follicular cells.

A

Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR)

Phys Facts (9 decks)

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