reproductive system Flashcards
define reproduction
process by which new individuals of a species are produced and
genetic material is passed from generation to generation
describe somatic cells; number of chromosomes
◦ 23 pairs of chromosomes for a total of 46 chromosomes
◦ Paired homologous chromosomes since contain same genes in same
order
◦ One chromosome from Dad, one from Mom
also known as sister chromatid
22 autosomes & 1 pair of sex chromosomes
Sex chromosomes are either X or Y
what is a diploid chromosome in humans
A diploid cell (2n) has two sets of chromosomes.
◦ For humans, the diploid number is 46 (2n = 46).
what is a gamete
A gamete (sperm or egg) contains a single set of chromosomes and is haploid (n).
◦ For humans, the haploid number is 23 (n = 23)
at sexual maturity what do the ovaries and testes produce
At sexual maturity, the ovaries and testes produce haploid gametes.
◦ Secondary oocytes (female)
◦ Sperm cells (male
describe meiosis in humans
Gametes are the only types of human cells produced by meiosis, rather than
mitosis.
◦ Meiosis results in one set of chromosomes in each gamete
what does meiosis produce in humans
Meiosis results in the production
of haploid cells that contain only
23 chromosomes.
Which of the following is found at the beginning
of meiosis I?
a) 23 nonduplicated chromosomes
b) 46 nonduplicated chromosomes
c) 23 duplicated chromosomes
d) 46 duplicated chromosomes
D
Which of the following is found in a daughter
cell, at the end of telophase I?
a) 23 nonduplicated chromosomes
b) 46 nonduplicated chromosomes
c) 23 duplicated chromosomes
d) 46 duplicated chromosomes
C
Which of the following is found in a daughter
cell, at the end of telophase II?
a) 23 nonduplicated chromosomes
b) 46 nonduplicated chromosomes
c) 23 duplicated chromosomes
d) 46 duplicated chromosomes
A
what are the different organs of reproduction?
Gonads (produce gametes and secrete hormones),
◦ Ducts (transport, receive, and store gametes),
◦ Accessory sex glands (produce materials that support gametes).
◦ Supporting structures help in the delivery and joining of gametes
what structures are part of the female reproductive system
what do the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus and mammary glands do?
◦ Two ovaries (gonads)
◦ Produce oocytes and hormones
◦ Two uterine (Fallopian) tubes
◦ Transport fertilized ova
◦ Uterus
◦ Fetal development
◦ Vagina
◦ Vulva
◦ Mammary glands
◦ Produce milk
what are the two different repoductive ligaments in the female reproductive system and what do they support?
The broad ligament is a major
support for the uterus (provides
side-to-side and rotational support)
The ovarian ligaments provide
support for the ovaries
describe the structure of the ovaries
located on either side of the
uterus, ovaries are maintained
in position by a series of
ligaments
where are the ovarian follicles and what do they contain?
ovarian follicles lie in the
cortex and consist of oocytes
in various stages of
development
where does oogenesis occur
in the ovaries
what does oogenesis result in
the formation of dingle haploid oocyte -> the female gamete
what happens to the follicle cells surrounding the oocyte while oogenesis is occuring
While oogenesis is occurring, the follicle cells surrounding the oocyte are also
undergoing developmental changes
describe supporting cells and their function
Follicles consist of oocytes in various stages of development, and all
supporting cells known as follicular cells
or granulosa cells
(depending on
their stage) →nourish and secrete estrogens as the follicle grows
describe follicular development
how to eggs develop in a female
Germ cells from yolk sac migrate to ovary and become oogonia
◦ In the female fetus, oogonia divide to produce millions by mitosis but most
degenerate (atresia)
◦ Some develop into primary oocytes and stop in prophase stage of meiosis I
(prophase I)
◦ 200,000 to 2 million are present at birth
◦ 40,000 remain at puberty, but only 400 mature during a woman’s life
what happens to the egg of a female every moth. What needs to happen for meiosis to occur
Each month, hormones cause meiosis I to resume in several follicles so that
meiosis II is reached just before ovulation
Penetration by the sperm causes the final stages of meiosis to occur
describe the process of follicular development
describe follicular development and oogenesis
In oogenesis, what structures contain the
“extra” chromosomes?
a) Primary oocyte
b) Polar bodies
c) Corona radiata
d) Follicle cells
B
In oogenesis, how many chromosomes do
polar bodies contain?
a) 23
b) 46
c) 46 in the first polar body, and 23 in the second polar body
d) 23 or 46, depending if first polar body divides again
A
What is required for meiosis II to be completed?
a) FSH
b) LH
c) Ovulation
d) Estrogen
e) Fertilization
E
what is the function of the fallopian (uterine) tubes
transport oocyte from the ovaries to the uterus
and are the normal sites of fertilization
function of fimbriae. (finger like things on top of ovaries)
sweep oocyte into the uterine tube
function of cilia in uterus
cilia (from ciliated columnar epithelium) &
peristalsis (from smooth muscle of muscularis
layer) move oocyte along
where does sperm reach oocyte and what happens after
*sperm reaches oocyte (generally in ampulla),
fertilization occurs within 24 hours after ovulation
*zygote reaches uterus about 7 days after
ovulation
function of uterus
Functions in
Transport of spermatozoa
Menstruation
Implantation of a fertilized ovum
Development of a fetus during pregnancy
Labour
describe the different tissue layers of the uterus
outer perimetrium (serosa)
◦ CT layer
middle myometrium
◦ smooth muscle layers, contract under
influence of oxytocin during labor
inner endometrium
◦ stratum functionalis (shed during
menstruation)
◦ stratum basalis (gives rise to a new stratum
functionalis after each menstruation
What primary tissue type is found in the
uterine myometrium?
a) Smooth muscle
b) Striated muscle
c) Simple columnar epithelium
d) Glandular epithelium
e) Collagenous connective tissue
A
Which of these is lost during menses?
a) Functional layer of endometrium
b) Functional layer of myometrium
c) Basal layer of endometrium
d) Uterine glands of endometrium
e) Entire endometrium
A
what do the secretory cells of the mucosaof the cervix produce. When are they less / more receptive to sperm
Secretory cells of the mucosa of the cervix produce a
cervical mucus (a mixture of water, glycoprotein, serum
type proteins, lipids, enzymes, and inorganic salts)
◦ when thin, is more receptive to sperm
◦ when thick, forms a cervical plug that physically
impedes sperm penetration
◦ mucus supplements the energy needs of the sperm.
describe the vagina and its 3 basic functions
The vagina is a fibromuscular canal lined with mucous membrane that extends
from the exterior of the body to the uterine cervix. It is composed of both
longitudinal and circular muscle, and has 3 basic functions:
◦ Serve as a passageway
◦ for menstrual flow
◦ Receive sperm
◦ Form the lower
◦ birth canal