Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

1191: anatomy 2 > anatomy lab midterm > Flashcards

anatomy lab midterm Flashcards

1
Q

define homeostasis. why do we need it?

A

is the ability of the body to maintain a controlled
and stable internal environment by responding to internal and external stimuli. The majority
of body functions can only occur if conditions such as temperature, pH, and solute
concentrations in the body are maintained within specific physiological parameters.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the two divisions of the nervous system?

A

The cental nervous system which is made of the brain and spinal cord and the peripheral nervous system which is made of cranial and spinal nerves, ganglia and sensory receptoprs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is a ganglion

A

a collection of neuronal bodies found in the voluntary and autonomic branches of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Ganglia can be thought of as synaptic relay stations between neurons. The information enters the ganglia, excites the neuron in the ganglia and then exits.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are neurons / nerve cells?

A

. The neurons or nerve cells form the functional portion of the system.
Neurons are highly specialized for impulse conduction and are responsible for all the special
attributes associated with the nervous system, such as thinking, controlling muscle activity,
and regulating glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are the 3 different classes of neurons

A
  1. Sensory (afferent) neurons: the neuron that conducts the impulse from the sensory
    receptor to the central nervous system.
  2. Interneuron (association neuron): integrates information from the sensory neurons
    and passes the stimulus to motor neurons.
  3. Motor (efferent) neurons: the neuron that conducts the impulse from the central
    nervous system to an effector, usually a muscle or a gland.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

describe dendrites

A

dendrites = little trees. they are the thing surrounding cell body that look like alien arms. they are the receiving or input portion of a neuron. the plasma membrane has numerous receptor sites for bringing chemical messengers from other neurons called dendritic spines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

describe the cell body (also called soma)

A

contains a nucleus surrounded by cytoplasm that includes typical cellular organelles. also contain free ribosomes and prominent clusters of rough endoplasmic reticulum called nissl bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is an axon and axon hillock

A

an axon is a long, thin cylindrical projection that ofen joins to the cell body at a cone-shaped elevation called the axon hillock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

describe the axon collateral

A

along the length of an axon, side branches called axon collateral may branch off, typically at a right angle to the axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are axon terminals

A

the axon and its collaterals end by dividing into many fine processes called axon terminals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

describe synaptic end bulbs/ varicositites

A

bulb-shaped structures. both synaptic end bulbs and varicosities contain many tiny membrane-enclosed sacs called synaptic vessels. these store neurotransmitters that excites of inhibits another neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are Schwann cells

A

these cells encircle the entire PNS axons. They form the myelin sheath around axons. it can only myelinate a single axon and can enclose as many as 20 or more unmyelinated axons. Participate into axon regeneration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

describe the myelin sheath

A

a multilayered lipid and protein covering around some axons that insulates them and increases the speed of nerve impulse conduction. such axons are said to be myelinated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

describe the nuerolemma

A

The outer nucleated cytoplasmic layer of the Schwann cell, which encloses the myelin sheath, is the neurolemma . A neurolemma is found only around axons in the PNS. When an axon is injured, the neurolemma aids regeneration by forming a regeneration tube that guides and stimulates regrowth of the axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are myelin sheath gaps/ nodes of Rnavier

A

Gaps in the myelin sheath, called myelin sheath gaps, appear at intervals along the axon. Each Schwann cell wraps one axon segment between two myelin sheath gap

facilitate the rapid conduction of nerve impulses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

label axon

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what type of neuron is this. describe it

A

multipolar neurons have several dendrites and one axon and are the neuron type that
dominates the CNS.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the structural classification of this neuron

A
  1. Bipolar neurons have one dendrite and one axon and are found in the retina of the eye,
    inner ear, and the nasal epithelium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is the structural classification of this neuron

A
  1. Unipolar neurons have a fused axon and dendrite that emerge from the cell body as one
    unit. The dendrites of these neurons form many of the other sensory receptors in the PNS
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

recognize slides

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is neuroglia / nueroglial cells

A

. Neuroglial cells
perform many different functions such as providing structural support for neurons, forming
myelin sheaths around axons, engulfing microorganisms and cell debris, and forming
cerebrospinal fluid. They also serve to prevent some substances from entering the central
nervous system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

astrocytes: PNS or CNS Functions

A

largest and most numerous. two types, found in grey matter and white matter. MANY FUNCTIONS! support neurons, creates blood brain barrier, regulate the growth, migration, and interconnection among neurons. during embryotic development, maintain appropriate chemical environment. may play role in memory and learning

CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

oligodendrocytes: CNS or PNS; functions

A

CNS
responsible for forming and maintaining the myelin sheath around CNS axons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

microglia: CNS or PNS functions

A

act like phagocytes. remove cellular debris formed during normal development of the nervous system and phagocytize microbes and damaged nervous tissue

CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

ependymal cells: CNS or PNS; functions

A

CNS

have microvilli and cilia. Functionally, ependymal cells produce, possibly monitor, and assist in the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid. They also form the blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Schwann cells: PNS or CNS; functions

A

PNS

form myelin sheath around axons like oligodendrocytes. A single oligodendrocyte myelinates several axons, but each myelinates a single axon Schwann cells participate in axon regeneration, which is more easily accomplished in the PNS than in the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

satellite cells: PNS or CNS; function

A

PNS

Besides providing structural support, satellite cells (SAT-i-līt) regulate the exchanges of materials between neuronal cell bodies and interstitial fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

functions of neurons vs neuroglia

A

neurons: transmit nerve impulses, and they are the only type of human cells that can carry out this function.

neuroglia: neuroglia provide support for neurons and help them carry out the basic function of nervous tissues, which is to transmit nerve impulses.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

describe the structure of the spinal cord

A

The spinal cord is protected by the bony vertebral column and extends from the medulla
oblongata in the brain stem to the L2 vertebrae (in adults)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

white matter vs gray matter

A

In the spinal cord, bundles of
axons that make up the white matter carry sensory information to the brain and motor
information back to the peripheral nervous system. The centrally located gray matter of the
spinal cord contains cell bodies and axons of interneurons.

31
Q

what is the function of the spinal cord

A

The function of the spinal cord is impulse propagation from the peripheral nervous system to
the brain and from the brain to the various effectors in the body. There is also integration of
some information from sensory to motor impulses.

32
Q

describe the meninges and what they do

A

Surrounding the spinal cord are three layers of connective tissue called spinal meninges.
These layers of connective tissue protect and cushion the spinal cord in the vertebral column
and are continuous with the cranial meninges that enclose the brain.

33
Q

describe the dura mater, arachnoid mater and subdural space

A

The superficial layer of the spinal meninges is called the dura mater. This layer is composed
of dense irregular connective tissue and is the toughest and most protective layer of the
meninges. The middle layer is called the arachnoid mater and is composed of collagen and
elastic fibers. Between the dura mater and arachnoid mater is the subdural space which is
filled with interstitial fluid.

34
Q

describe the pia mater the epidural space and the subarachnoid space

A

The deepest layer of the meninges adheres to the spinal cord and is called the pia mater.
This layer contains many blood vessels that nourish the tissues of the underlying spinal cord.
The epidural space is the cavity between the bone of the vertebral column and the dura
mater, and is filled with fat and other connective tissues. The space between the arachnoid
and the pia mater is called the subarachnoid space and is filled with cerebrospinal fluid.

35
Q

fill in the three meninges and 3 “spaces” from deep to superficial

A

pia mater, subarachnoid space, arachnoid mater, subdural space, dura mater, epidural space FACT CHECK

36
Q

label the spinal cord

A
37
Q

grey mater, anterior horn and posterior horn function

A

grey mater conatins clusters of nerual cell bodies called nuclei, the anteror gray horn provides nerve impulses (motor)

the posterior grey horn has sensory neurons as well as cell bodies (incoming sensory info)

38
Q

white matter function

A

coantain funiculus, carries information up and down the spinal cord. connects regions that send and receive signals

39
Q

function of the spinal nerves

A

connects the CNS to sensory receptors

40
Q

function of the central canal

A

encompasses an internal system of cerebrospinal fluid

41
Q

what are nerve roots? what is the difference between anterior and posterior root. know what ganglia are

A

nerve roots are nerves that emerge from the spinal cord as 2 distinct roots

posterior root: conatina axons of sensory neurons and convcery sensory input from the receptors

anterior root: composed of axons of motor neurons and convert motor information from the CNS to the effectors to produce a response

a ganglia is a cluster of neuronal cells bodies int the PNS

42
Q

anterior median fissure vs posterior median fissure. describe the filum terminale

A

The anterior median fissure is a wide groove on the anterior (ventral) side. The posterior median sulcus is a narrow furrow on the posterior (dorsal) side.

filum terminale (FĪ-lum ter-mi-NAL-ē = terminal filament), an extension of the pia mater that extends inferiorly, fuses with the arachnoid mater and dura mater, and anchors the spinal cord to the coccyx.

43
Q

label the spinal cord in vertebra

A
44
Q

know these tissue

A
45
Q

label spinal cord cross section

A
46
Q

what ia nerve

A

a bundle of axons from multiple neurons and part of PNS

47
Q

what are mixed nerves

A

he posterior roots contain axons of sensory neurons and convey sensory input from the
receptors to the CNS. The anterior roots are composed of axons of motor neurons and convey
motor information from the CNS to the effectors to produce a response. Anterior and posterior
roots join outside the spinal cord to form mixed nerves, nerves that have both sensory and
motor functions.

48
Q

define reflexes

A

Reflexes are rapid, automatic sequences of actions that occur in response to a stimulus. The
purpose of most reflexes is to maintain homeostasis in the body
can be innate or learned (like catching a ball)

49
Q

what is a reflex arc and what are the 5 componenets

A

all reflexes involve a reflex arc which is the route an impulse
takes to produce a reflex action. There are five basic components of a reflex arc: the sensory
receptor, a sensory neuron, an integrating center, a motor neuron, and the effector.
Information received by a sensory receptor is transmitted by a sensory neuron to an
integrating center (either the spinal cord (for spinal reflexes) or the brain (for cranial
reflexes)). From there, the information is processed by interneurons and transferred to a
motor neuron which then transmits the impulse to an effector (a muscle or a gland)

50
Q

describe and autonomic / visceral reflex

A

A reflex that results in secretion by a gland or in the contraction of smooth or cardiac muscle
is called an autonomic or visceral reflex. Reflexes mediated through the autonomic
nervous system regulate body functions such as digestion, elimination, blood pressure,
salivation and sweating.

51
Q

what is a somatic reflex

A

We will also be testing somatic reflexes, a type of reflex which results in the contraction of
skeletal muscles. More specifically, you will be testing different stretch reflexes, the
simplest form of somatic reflex. In a stretch reflex, the effector muscle is the same muscle
as the one that is being stimulated. Stretch reflexes are constantly activated in your body to
maintain posture. Other types of somatic reflexes include tendon reflexes, flexor reflexes and
cross-extensor reflexes

52
Q
A
53
Q

list 3 receptos and 3 effectors involved in reflex arc

A

receptors: baroreceptos, heat receptors, pain receptors

effectors:

glands, skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle. ( anything that reacts)

54
Q

what is the function of the brain

A

The function of the brain is to receive and integrate the vast majority of sensory stimuli and
coordinate appropriate responses. The brain is also the site of intelligence, emotions, complex
thinking, and the formation of memories.

55
Q

what are the 4 major sections of the brain. describe them

A

The adult brain is composed of four major sections: the cerebrum, the diencephalon, the
cerebellum, and the brain stem. The brain stem is continuous with the spinal cord, the
diencephalon is superior to the brain stem and the cerebrum is superior to the diencephalon.
The cerebellum is posterior to the brain stem. The brain is enclosed by the cranial meninges
and is protected from physical damage by the bones of the cranium

56
Q

The meninges of the brain are continuous with those of the spinal cord. What are thenames
of the three meninges?

A

dura mater (outermost), arachnoid mater and pia mater

57
Q

describe the venous sinuses and the falx cerebri

A

The cranial dura mater has two layers that are fused together except where they enclose the
venous sinuses. The venous sinuses drain blood from the brain to the internal jugular veins.
The dura mater also has extensions that separate major brain structures. The falx cerebri is
an extension of the dura mater that separates the two cerebral hemispheres and attaches to
the crista galli of the ethmoid bone. Note that there is no epidural space between the dura
mater and the bones of the skull

58
Q

describe the arachnoid mater in the brain

A

The arachnoid mater penetrates through the dura mater into the venous sinuses with
extensions of tissue called arachnoid granulations (villi). Cerebrospinal fluid is reabsorbed
into the blood through the arachnoid granulations

59
Q
A
60
Q

describe the cerebrum

A

The cerebrum is the most superior portion of the brain and is highly developed in humans and
other primates. It is divided into halves, the right and left cerebral hemispheres. Enclosed
in the cerebrum are the lateral ventricles, which we will discuss in detail later in this lab. Each
hemisphere of the brain may be divided into four basic areas, termed lobes.

61
Q

describe the different lobes of the cerebrum

A

These lobes are named for the bones of the skull under which they are found: the frontal
lobe, the parietal lobes, the occipital lobe, and the temporal lobes.

62
Q

the surface of the cerebrum has many convulutions. describe them

A

The surface of the cerebrum has many convolutions in the tissue; deep grooves are called
fissures and shallow grooves are called sulci (singular: sulcus). On either side of a sulcus
is a bulge of tissue called a gyrus (plural: gyri). A prominent sulcus called the central
cerebral sulcus forms a key landmark on the brain as it separates the frontal and parietal
lobes of the cerebrum. The gyrus anterior to the central sulcus is called the precentral gyrus
and the gyrus located posterior to the central sulcus is called the postcentral gyrus. The
right and left hemispheres are separated from each other by the longitudinal cerebral
fissure.

63
Q
A
64
Q
A
65
Q

describe the cerebellum

A

The cerebellum is the second largest part of the brain and is found posterior to the brain stem.
The cerebellum is highly convoluted and contains nearly half of the neurons found in the brain.
As in the cerebrum, the cerebellum has superficial grey cortex and deep white matter. The
cerebellar white matter is known as the arbor vitae as its structure resembles a tree.

66
Q

describe the brain stem

A

The brain stem consists of three major structures: the midbrain, the pons and the medulla
oblongata. The midbrain and pons are superior to the medulla oblongata and form an
important relay center in the brain. These structures transmit sensory and motor input from
the spinal cord to the cerebral hemispheres to be processed.

67
Q

describe the medulla oblongata

A

The medulla oblongata is immediately superior to and merges with the spinal cord. Most of
the large motor tracts descending from the cerebrum cross over in the medulla so that skeletal
muscle fibers on the right side of the body are controlled by the left side of the brain.

68
Q

know the weird alien thing

A
69
Q

what is the diecephalon

A

Inferior to the cerebrum and superior to the brain stem is the diencephalon. This central
region of the brain contains many important structures that can only be seen in sagittal section
as they are enclosed by the cerebrum, the cerebellum, and the brain stem

70
Q

describe the structures in the diecephalon

A

Inferior to the cerebrum and superior to the brain stem is the diencephalon. This central
region of the brain contains many important structures that can only be seen in sagittal section
as they are enclosed by the cerebrum, the cerebellum, and the brain stem.
Immediately inferior to the cerebrum is a white structure called the corpus callosum (part
of the cerebrum, which contains axons that connect the right and left cerebral hemispheres.
The thalamus forms the lateral walls of the diencephalon and encloses the third ventricle.
Centrally located in the thalamus is the interthalamic adhesion (intermediate mass), a
region of gray matter that connects the left and right thalamus regions. The
hypothalamus, the floor of the diencephalon, gives rise to the infundibular stalk, a
ventral down growth of tissue that attaches to the pituitary gland.

71
Q

list the hormones secreted by the pituitary gland

A

Your pituitary gland makes:

growth hormone — which regulates growth
thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) — which tells the thyroid gland to make hormones
prolactin — which controls breast milk production
adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) — which tells the adrenal glands to make hormones
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) — which is involved in the reproductive system
luteinising hormone — which is also involved in the reproductive system
Your pituitary gland also stores and releases:

oxytocin — which is involved in childbirth and breastfeeding
vasopressin — which helps control the amount of salt and water in your body

72
Q

describe the epithalamus

A

The epithalamus is the roof of the diencephalon, the tissue superior to the third ventricle.
Within the epithalamus is the pineal gland, a small posterior projection of endocrine tissue.
The pineal gland secretes melatonin

73
Q
A

1191: anatomy 2 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions