anat lab 15: digestive

Question 1

define the gastrointestinal tract

Answer 1

The tube extending from mouth to anus

Question 2

what are all the organs of the GI tract?

Answer 2

mouth, most of the pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and anus

Question 3

what are the accessory organs of the digestive system?

Answer 3

the teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gall bladder and pancreas

Question 4

define digestion

Answer 4

process in which food is broken down physically and chemically into smaller molecules

Question 5

describe the mucosa (what layers does it have?)

Answer 5

The inner lining of the GI tract is a mucous membrane composed of three layers – a layer
of epithelium, a layer of connective tissue and a layer of muscle.

Question 6

describe the epithelium in the non-absorptive areas of the mucosa in the GI tract

Answer 6

the epithelium is primarily non-
keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.

Question 7

describe the epithelium of the secretory and abosrptive regions of the mucosa in the GI tract

Answer 7

The secretory and absorptive
regions
(stomach, small intestine, large intestine) are lined by simple columnar epithelium with
mucus producing cells.

Question 8

describe the lamina propria and the muscularis mucosae of the mucosa in the GI tract

Answer 8

Next to the columnar epithelium layer is the lamina propria, a layer of areolar connective
tissue that contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and lymphatic nodules. The lamina
propria nourishes and supports the epithelium and attaches it to the third layer of the
mucosa, the muscularis mucosae. The folds seen in the stomach and small intestine are
caused the third layer of the mucosa, the muscularis mucosae.

Question 9

what are the 4 layers of the GI tract

Answer 9

1. the mucosa
2. the submucosa
3. the muscular layer (muscularis)
4. the serosa

Question 10

describe the submucosa

Answer 10

The areolar connective tissue of the submucosa binds the mucosa to the muscular
(muscularis) layer, and contains many blood and lymphatic vessels.

Question 11

describe the muscular layer (muscularis) layer of the GI tract in the esophagus

Answer 11

Part way down the esophagus the muscular layer (muscularis) of the GI tract
changes from skeletal muscle (voluntary, for swallowing) to smooth muscle (involuntary).
An inner, circular layer and an outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle fibers contract
to cause mixing and propulsion (peristalsis).

Question 12

Describe the serosa of the GI tract

Answer 12

The serous membrane that lines the walls and covers the outside of most organs in the
abdominal cavity is the peritoneum. It is a double-layered membrane made of simple
squamous epithelium and areolar connective tissue. The peritoneum is divided into the
visceral peritoneum covering some organs, and the parietal peritoneum covering
the inner surface of the abdominal cavity. The serous membranes are kept moist and
slippery by serous fluid, which reduces friction between structures.
Organs such as the duodenum, pancreas, and ascending and descending colon are only
covered by the visceral peritoneum on their anterior surfaces, and are said to be
retroperitoneal

Question 13

what are the different tissues that make up the layers of the duodenum

Answer 13

Question 14

describe the oral cavity of the mouth

Answer 14

The mouth is the site of ingestion. The tongue forms the floor of the oral cavity, the
cheeks and lips form the walls, and the hard and soft palates form the roof. Within the
oral cavity are the teeth, gums (gingiva), the ducts of the salivary glands, and the uvula.
The accessory organs in the mouth are the salivary glands, the teeth and the tongue.

Question 15

describe the salivary glands and teeth and tongue in the oral cavity

Answer 15

There are three pairs of major salivary glands, the parotid, sublingual and
submandibular glands. They secrete mucus and the enzyme salivary amylase, which
starts the chemical digestion of starch in the mouth. The teeth and tongue are involved in
mechanical digestion (mastication), grinding food and mixing it with saliva to form a
bolus. The tongue is also involved in speech and taste.

Question 16

describe the pharynx

Answer 16

From the mouth, swallowed food enters the pharynx. Skeletal muscle contractions of the
oropharynx and laryngopharynx push the bolus of food to the esophagus. The most
superior portion of the pharynx, the nasopharynx, functions only in respiration.

Question 17

describe the esophagus (function and sphincters)

Answer 17

The esophagus conducts food from the laryngopharynx to the stomach. At the superior end,
the skeletal muscle of the muscularis layer forms the upper esophageal sphincter. The
muscularis of the lower third of the esophagus consists of smooth muscle, forming the
lower esophageal sphincter, just superior to the stomach.

Question 18

describe the hard palate

Answer 18

The anterior portion of the roof of the mouth—is formed by the maxillae and palatine bones and is covered by a mucous membrane; it forms a bony partition between the oral and nasal cavities

Question 19

describe the soft palate

Answer 19

which forms the posterior portion of the roof of the mouth, is an arch-shaped muscular partition between the oropharynx and nasopharynx that is lined with mucous membrane.

Question 20

describe the uvula

Answer 20

hanging from the free border of the soft palate is a fingerlike muscular structure called the uvula. during swallowing the soft palate and the uvula are drawn superiorly closing off the nasopharynx and preventing swallowed foods and liquids from entering the nasal cavity.

Question 21

describe the tongue and the lingual frenulum

Answer 21

The tongue forms the floor of the oral cavity, the
cheeks and lips form the walls,

the lingual frenulum is a fold of mucus membrane in the midline of the undersurface of the tongue, is attached to the floor of the mouth and aids in limiting the movement of the tongue posteriorly

Question 22

describe the teeth and the different kinds

Answer 22

are accessory digestive organs located in dental alveoli (sockets) of the alveolar processes of the mandible and maxillae. The alveolar processes (thickened ridges) are covered by the gingivae, or gums, which extend slightly into each dental alveolus.
I:The incisors, which are closest to the midline, are chisel-shaped and adapted for cutting into food. They are referred to as either central or lateral incisors based on their position
C:the canines, which have a pointed surface called a cusp. Canines are used to tear and shred food. Incisors and canines have only one root apiece
P+M premolars and molards: molars grind food, premolars crush and grind food

Question 23

what are gingiva

Answer 23

gums which extend slightly into each dental alveolus

Question 24

describe the different salivary glands (strucutre)

Answer 24

Question 25

describe pharynx and associated structures (oropharynx, larygopharynx and nasopharynx)

Answer 25

From the mouth, swallowed food enters the pharynx. Skeletal muscle contractions of the
oropharynx and laryngopharynx push the bolus of food to the esophagus.

The most
superior portion of the pharynx, the nasopharynx, functions only in respiration.

Question 26

describe the acinar cells of the salivary amylase

Answer 26

Acinar cells produce salivary amylase in a watery serous fluid or in thicker fluid called
mucus

Question 27

describe the structur of the stomach

Answer 27

The stomach serves as a temporary holding area for food as well as a site for chemical and
mechanical breakdown of food. It is divided into four main regions: the cardia, fundus,
body and pylorus. At the junction of the pylorus and the duodenum is a smooth muscle
sphincter called the pyloric sphincter. The shorter, concave side of the stomach is called
the lesser curvature and the longer convex side is the greater curvature. When empty,
the mucosa of the stomach forms longitudinal folds called gastric folds of mucosa
(rugae).

Question 28

describe the epithelium of the stomach

Answer 28

The epithelium of the stomach is a layer of simple columnar epithelium. Folds in the mucosa
create pits which extend down into the lamina propria. These gastric pits are lined with
secretory epithelium called gastric glands. Three types of exocrine gland cells in the
gastric glands secrete various substances into the stomach lumen: the chief cells,
parietal cells and mucous neck cells. Together the secretions from these cells form the
gastric juice

Question 29

describe the muscularis of the stomach

Answer 29

The muscularis of the stomach has an additional layer in the body region, an inner oblique
muscle layer.

At the lesser curvature of the stomach, the serosa extends upwards to the liver forming the
lesser omentum. From the greater curvature, the serosa extends downward and forms
the greater omentum, which covers the intestines.

Question 30

describe the stomach and associated structures (lesser curvature and greater curvature)

Answer 30

The stomach serves as a temporary holding area for food as well as a site for chemical and
mechanical breakdown of food. It is divided into four main regions: the cardia, fundus,
body and pylorus. At the junction of the pylorus and the duodenum is a smooth muscle
sphincter called the pyloric sphincter. The shorter, concave side of the stomach is called
the lesser curvature and the longer convex side is the greater curvature.

Question 31

describe the folds of mucosa (rugae)

Answer 31

When empty,
the mucosa of the stomach forms longitudinal folds called gastric folds of mucosa
(rugae).

Question 32

describe the lesser omentum

Answer 32

At the lesser curvature of the stomach, the serosa extends upwards to the liver forming the
lesser omentum. Supports stomach

Question 33

describe the greater omentum

Answer 33

From the greater curvature, the serosa extends downward and forms
the greater omentum, which covers the intestines.

Question 34

describe the pyloric sphincter

Answer 34

The pylorus communicates with the duodenum of the small intestine via a smooth muscle sphincter called the pyloric sphincter (valve).

Question 35

describe the pancrease. Is it an endocrine or exocrine glands?

Answer 35

The pancreas is an accessory digestive organ that releases secretions into the duodenum of
the small intestine. The accessory duct (duct of Santorini) empties directly into the
duodenum. The pancreatic duct (duct of Wirsung) joins the (common) bile duct to
form the hepatopancreatic ampulla (ampulla of Vater). The hepatopancreatic ampulla
empties into the duodenum at the major duodenal papilla.
The pancreas is both an endocrine and an exocrine gland. Pancreatic juice contains several enzymes, water, salt and
sodium bicarbonate

Question 36

List three enzymes produced by the pancreas, in addition to trypsinogen.

Answer 36

chymotrypsin to digest proteins; amylase for the digestion of carbohydrates; and lipase to break down fats.

Question 37

what is the function of trypsinogen in the pancreas

Answer 37

to digest proteins

Question 38

What prevents pancreatic enzymes from digesting the proteins of the pancreas?

Answer 38

There are mechanisms to prevent these enzymes from potentially digesting the pancreas, including storage and packing in acidic zymogen granules to inhibit activity and synthesis and storage as inactive precursor forms.

Question 39

describe the exocrine and endocrine portion of the pancreas

Answer 39

lighter coloured patches of cells inside of lobules can
be seen; these are the pancreatic islets, the endocrine portion of the pancreas. The
exocrine portion of the pancreas is made of pancreatic acini, the darker areas of the lobules.

Question 40

describe the liver

Answer 40

The liver has a variety of functions,
some involved in the digestive process, and some not. All of the blood leaving the absorptive
surfaces of the GI tract (the stomach, small intestine and large intestine) enters the hepatic
portal vein and flows into the liver. Cells in the liver convert and store excess nutrients from
the blood and correct deficiencies by releasing stored reserves or by synthesizing them.
The liver’s digestive function is carried out by hepatocytes, which secrete bile. Bile has no
enzymatic action, but emulsifies lipids (breaks up large lipid droplets into small lipid droplets),
creating a larger surface area for digestion by lipases.

Question 41

where is bile found in the liver?

Answer 41

Bile collects in increasingly larger ducts which empty into the left and right hepatic ducts.
These merge into the common hepatic duct. The common hepatic duct unites with the
cystic duct from the gall bladder to form the (common) bile duct which joins the
pancreatic duct at the hepatopancreatic ampulla. Bile can be secreted directly into the
duodenum through the ampulla or it can be stored in the gall bladder until needed.

Question 42

describe the pancreas and its accessory and pancreatic duct

Answer 42

The pancreas is an accessory digestive organ that releases secretions into the duodenum of
the small intestine. The accessory duct (duct of Santorini) empties directly into the
duodenum. The pancreatic duct (duct of Wirsung) joins the (common) bile duct to
form the hepatopancreatic ampulla (ampulla of Vater).

Question 43

description and function of gallbladder

Answer 43

D: small sac under liver
F: stores bile and releases it during digestion of fat

Question 44

description and function of cystic duct

Answer 44

D: connects gallbladder to the common bile duct
F: transfers bile to/from gallblader

Question 45

function of common bile duct

Answer 45

carries bile to duodenum

Question 46

description and function of hepatopancreatic ampulla

Answer 46

d: junction of the pancreatic and common bile duct
F: control the release of bile and pancreatic juices

Question 47

description of major duodenal papilla

Answer 47

opening in the duodenum for bile and pancreatic juice

Question 48

Describe digestion in the small intestine (what is used to break down)?

Answer 48

Chemical digestion is completed in the small intestine, using pancreatic juice, bile and
intestinal enzymes. Nutrients are absorbed into the blood and lymphatic circulations from the
small intestine. Undigested material is transported to the large intestine.

Question 49

describe the epithelium of the small intestine

Answer 49

The epithelial layer of the small intestine is a simple columnar epithelium, with both
absorptive cells and goblet cells. A number of secretory cells line the crevices in the
mucosa, the intestinal glands. These cells secrete mucus, lysozyme and hormones. Mucus
is also produced by the duodenal (Brunner’s) glands in the submucosa.

Question 50

describe the structure of the small intestine

Answer 50

The small intestine is divided into three regions, the duodenum, jejunum and ileum. The
jejunum and ileum are suspended from the posterior abdominal wall by a fan-shaped fold of
the peritoneum called the mesentery.
The ileum joins the cecum of the large
intestine at the ileal orifice (ileocecal sphincter), a ring of smooth muscle that regulates the
entry of chyme into the large intestine.

Question 51

describe the area that is exposed to nutrients in the small intestine

Answer 51

The surface area of the small intestine that is exposed to nutrients is greatly increased by a
number of features: 1) circular folds (plicae circulares) of the mucosa layer, 2) intestinal
villi, finger-like projections of the mucosa that are covered by absorptive columnar epithelial
cells, and 3) the microvilli on the apical surface of the columnar cells.

Question 52

structure and function of duodenum

Answer 52

The duodenum is the first section of the small intestine, located just after the stomach. It is a short, C-shaped segment that plays a crucial role in digestion.

1.Neutralization of Stomach Acid: The duodenum receives acidic chyme (partially digested food) from the stomach and neutralizes it with bicarbonate from the pancreas.

2.Digestive Enzyme Activation: It mixes chyme with bile from the liver and digestive enzymes from the pancreas to break down fats, proteins, and carbohydrates.

3. Absorption: It begins the process of nutrient absorption, particularly of simple molecules like amino acids and sugars.

4,Regulation: It signals other digestive organs, like the pancreas and gallbladder, to release necessary enzymes and bile.

Question 53

description and function of jejunum

Answer 53

The jejunum is the middle section of the small intestine, located between the duodenum and ileum.

Functions:
1. Nutrient Absorption: It is the primary site for absorbing nutrients like carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, and minerals into the bloodstream.
2. Digestion: It continues breaking down food using enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the liver.

3. Transport: It moves the partially digested food (chyme) toward the ileum for further processing.

Question 54

description and function of ileum

Answer 54

The ileum is the last section of the small intestine, located after the jejunum and before the large intestine.

Functions:
1. Nutrient Absorption: It absorbs remaining nutrients, especially vitamin B12 and bile salts, into the bloodstream.
2. Immune Defense: It contains lymphoid tissue (Peyer’s patches) that helps protect against harmful microbes.
3. Transport: It moves undigested food and waste material into the large intestine.

Question 55

description and function of ileal orifice (ileocecal sphincter)

Answer 55

The ileum joins the cecum of the large
intestine at the ileal orifice (ileocecal sphincter), a ring of smooth muscle that regulates the
entry of chyme into the large intestine

Question 56

description and function of mesentery

Answer 56

D: fold of the peritoneum that attaches small intestine to the posterior abdominal wall
F: Anchors the small intestine and also a pathway for blood vessels, nerves and lymphatic vessel/

Question 57

description and function of circular folds.

Answer 57

D: folds of the mucosa and submucosa of the small intestine
F: increases SA to maximize absorption of food

Question 58

describe the function of the large function

Answer 58

The large intestine (colon) is involved in absorbing water, secretions from other parts of the
GI tract and vitamins produced by intestinal bacterial. The colon is responsible for the
formation and expulsion of feces.

Question 59

describe the movement of material in the large intestine

Answer 59

Material from the small intestine enters the cecum through the ileal orifice (ileocecal
sphincter). The vermiform appendix (appendix), containing an aggregation of
lymphatic nodules, is attached to the cecum. The cecum opens to the colon, which
is divided into the ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon and
sigmoid colon.
The sigmoid colon joins the rectum, the end of the GI tract. The opening of the rectum, the
anus, is controlled by an internal anal sphincter of smooth muscle (involuntary) and an
external anal sphincter of skeletal muscle (voluntary).

Question 60

describe the epithelium of the large intestine

Answer 60

The epithelium of the mucosa is simple columnar, both absorptive cells and goblet cells,
found in long tubular intestinal glands (crypts of Lieberkϋhn) that extend deep into the
mucosa. In the rectum, the epithelium changes from simple columnar to stratified
squamous.
The longitudinal layer of the muscularis of the colon is thickened, forming three longitudinal
muscle bands called the teniae coli. The teniae coli cause pouches to form in the colon,
called haustra.
The serosa of the large intestine, the mesocolon, attaches the transverse and sigmoid colons
to the posterior abdominal wall.

Question 61

description and function of cecum

Answer 61

D: pouch-like structure at the beginning of large intestine
F: receives undigested food and begins the process of absorbing fluid and salts

Question 62

description and function of vermiform appendix (appendix0

Answer 62

D: finger-shaped tube that is attached to the cecum
F: thought to assist immune function by having beneficial bacteria

Question 63

description and function of colon and associated parts

Answer 63

Question 64

description and function of rectum

Answer 64

d: final portion of anus
F: temporarily stores feces before being eliminated through anus

Question 65

description and function of anus and associated structures

Answer 65

Question 66

description and function of mesocolon

Answer 66

D: fold of the peritoneum that attaches colon to the posterior abdominal wall
F: provides support and pathway for blood vessels, nerves and lymphatic vessels

Question 67

description and function of teniae coli

Answer 67

d: 2 longitudinal bands of smooth muscle along colon
F: contracts the colon to move waste material. also contribute to formation of haustrae

Question 68

description and function of haustrae

Answer 68

d: pouch-like sack
F: provide more SA for the absorption of water and help move waste by segmenting movements

Question 69

summarize the secretions and secretory structures in a table

Answer 69

Question 70

list the structures involved in mechanical digestion

Answer 70

teeth, tongue and (salivary glans)
stomach, small and large intestine

Question 71

how are pepsinogen and trypsinogen activated

Answer 71

pepsinogen is activated by hydrochloric acid; trypsinogen is activated by the enzyme enterokinase

Question 72

how does the oblique layer of muscle relate to the function of the stomach

Answer 72

additional layer of smooth muscles found in stomach that provides additional range of motion to churn and twist (mechanical breakdown of food while mixing contents of gastric juices)

Question 73

where is most of the fluid in the GI tract absorbed?

Answer 73

jejunum, large intestine also plays large part in fluid absorption

Question 74

trace a drop of bile through the ducts from the liver to the duodenum

Answer 74

1. Liver: Bile is produced by hepatocytes (liver cells) in the liver.
2. Bile Canaliculi: The bile flows into tiny channels called bile canaliculi between the liver cells.
3. Intrahepatic Bile Ducts: From the canaliculi, bile enters small bile ducts within the liver.
4. Right and Left Hepatic Ducts: These small ducts merge into the right and left hepatic ducts, which drain bile from the right and left lobes of the liver.
5. Common Hepatic Duct: The right and left hepatic ducts join to form the common hepatic duct.
6. Cystic Duct (optional): If bile is not immediately needed, it flows into the gallbladder via the cystic duct for storage. If bile is needed, it bypasses the gallbladder.
7. Common Bile Duct: Bile from the common hepatic duct and, when needed, the gallbladder (via the cystic duct) joins the common bile duct.
8. Ampulla of Vater (Hepatopancreatic Ampulla): The common bile duct joins with the pancreatic duct near the duodenum, forming the ampulla of Vater.
9. Sphincter of Oddi: Bile passes through this muscular valve, which regulates its flow.
10. Duodenum: Finally, bile is released into the duodenum through the major duodenal papilla to aid in digestion, especially the breakdown of fats.

Question 75

List the features of the small intestine that increase the surface area available for absorption
of nutrients.

Answer 75

1. Circular Folds (Plicae Circulares): Large, permanent folds of the mucosa and submucosa that slow the movement of food and increase surface area.
2. Villi: Finger-like projections of the mucosa that protrude into the intestinal lumen, further increasing the surface area.
3. Microvilli: Tiny, hair-like structures on the epithelial cells of the villi, forming the brush border. These greatly amplify the surface area and are also involved in enzyme activity for digestion.
4. Crypts of Lieberkühn: Tubular glands located at the base of the villi, which provide more surface area and secrete intestinal juices.
5. Length of the Small Intestine: The small intestine is approximately 6 meters (20 feet) long, providing an extensive area for absorption.

Question 76

name at least 4 organs or structures of the GI tract that are retroperitoneal

Answer 76

duodenum, pancreas, ascending colon and descending colon

Question 77

describe hydrolysis

Answer 77

Ingested food contains macromolecules of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. Enzymes
secreted by various parts of the digestive system are involved in the breakdown of large
molecules (substrates) into smaller molecules (products) which can then be absorbed by the
epithelium of the small intestine. When a digestive enzyme binds to a substrate, the enzyme
catalyzes (speeds up) the conversion of a substrate into a product by the addition of water
molecules. This type of reaction is called hydrolysis.

Question 78

why is it important that specific conditions are maintained for enzymes

Answer 78

outside of narrow range of pH or temperature proteins will denature

Question 79

describe enzyme digestion of starch

Answer 79

It is digested by amylase, an enzyme produced by the salivary glands and by the
pancreas. Salivary amylase begins digesting some starches in the mouth (pH 6.35-6.85) and
continues to chemically digest starch until the enzyme is denatured by the low pH of gastric
juice in the stomach (pH 2). Pancreatic amylase continues the job of carbohydrate digestion
in the small intestine (pH of pancreatic juice 7.1–8.2) until disaccharides are produced.
Additional enzymes break down the disaccharides into monosaccharides that are small enough
to be absorbed by the epithelium of the small intestine.

Question 80

true of false bile is a digestive enzyme

Answer 80

false

Question 81

how does bile work?

Answer 81

Bile acts to mechanically break down large lipid globules into
a suspension of small lipid globules. No chemical changes to the lipids take place in the
process. The smaller lipid globules have a larger surface area for pancreatic lipase activity to
take place. In the small intestine, pancreatic lipase digests triglycerides into fatty acids and
monoglycerides.

Question 82

what happens when bile salt, oil and water are mixed together

Answer 82

the blend together. water is no longer separated from oil

Question 83

where is bile produced in the body? How is bile transferred to the small intestine?

Answer 83

1, Production in the Liver: Bile is synthesized in hepatocytes and flows into tiny channels called bile canaliculi.

2. Intrahepatic Bile Ducts: Bile drains into progressively larger bile ducts within the liver.
3. Common Hepatic Duct: These smaller ducts merge into the right and left hepatic ducts, which join to form the common hepatic duct.
4. Gallbladder Storage (Optional): If bile is not immediately needed, it flows through the cystic duct into the gallbladder for storage and concentration.
5. Release When Needed:

During digestion, especially after a fatty meal, the hormone cholecystokinin (CCK) signals the gallbladder to contract and release bile.
Bile flows from the gallbladder through the cystic duct and into the common bile duct.
6. Common Bile Duct to Duodenum: The common bile duct carries bile to the duodenum, the first part of the small intestine.

7. Ampulla of Vater and Sphincter of Oddi: Before entering the duodenum, bile passes through the ampulla of Vater and the sphincter of Oddi, which regulate bile flow.

In the duodenum, bile mixes with partially digested food to emulsify fats, aiding in their digestion and absorption.

Question 84

what chemical components affect pH

Answer 84

1. hydrochloric acid because it’s a strong acid, so makes environment more acidic
2. sodium bicarbonate increases pH and distilled water is neutral

Question 85

which chemical component produced the appropriate pH for pepsin

Answer 85

hydochloric acid

Question 86

In each starch and protein digestion experiment you used a control tube that had no enzyme
or other reagent added to it. What was the function of the control tubes?

Answer 86

serves as baseline comparison to ensure that any observes changes is to soley to enxymatic activity

Question 87

Is 37⁰C the optimal incubation temperature for our experiments? Explain.

Answer 87

since this is closer to human body temperature, this is most likely the best. Ezymes work the best at this temp because too extreme change in temp can cause denaturation

Question 88

Pancreatic and intestinal enzymes operate optimally at a pH that is slightly alkaline. Chyme
entering the duodenum from the stomach is very acidic. What substance neutralizes the
acidity of the chyme in the small intestine? What organ produces the substance in question?

Answer 88

substance: sodium bicarbonate

Origin: pancreas

Question 89

for each of the substrates list the enzymes, source of enzyme and end products absorbed by enzyme: lipids, proteins, carbohydrates

Answer 89

Question 90

name 3 substances absorbed in the small intestine

Answer 90

1. water
2. vitamins
3. minerals

Question 91

Answer 91

Question 92

Answer 92

Question 93

what tissue is this. Name the structures

Answer 93

Question 94

Answer 94

Question 95

Answer 95

Question 96

what structure is this

Answer 96

wall of colon

Question 97

what structure is this

Answer 97

the large intestine

Question 98

Answer 98

Question 99

Question 100

What structure is this?

Answer 100

The small intestine

Question 101

Answer 101

Question 102

Answer 102

Question 103

what is this

Answer 103

stomach

Question 104

Answer 104

Question 105

Answer 105

Question 106

Question 107

Answer 107

Question 108

Answer 108

Question 109

Question 110