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Human Physiology > Reproductive System > Flashcards

Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

What determines internal male or female organs as the body develops

A

Testosterone and anti-Mullerian hormone or the lack of them

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2
Q

What happens during biopotential development internally for males

A

Gonadal medulla forms a testis and the Wolffian duct forms the epididymis, vas deferens, and seminal vesicle

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3
Q

What happens during biopotential development internally for females

A

The gonadal cortex forms the ovaries and the Mullein duct becomes the Fallopian tube, uterus, cervix, and upper 1/2 of the vagina

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4
Q

What happens during biopotential development externally for males

A

The genital tubercle forms the glans penis, the urethral folds and grooves form the shaft of the penis, and the labioscrotal swellings form the shaft of the penis and scrotum

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5
Q

What happens during biopotential development externally for females

A

The genital tubercle forms the clitoris, the urethral folds and grooves form the labia minor, opening of the vagina, and urethra, and the labioscrotal swellings form the labia majora

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6
Q

What gene determines sex

A

SRY gene in the sex-determining region of the Y chromosome

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7
Q

What is the main function of the reproductive system

A

Procreation

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8
Q

How is the reproductive system controlled

A

Hormonally via the hypothalamic anterior pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis

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9
Q

What are the gonads

A

Males = testes
Females = ovaries

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10
Q

What hormone does the hypothalamus release in the reproductive system

A

Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)

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11
Q

What hormones does the anterior pituitary secrete for the reproductive system

A

Gonadotropics (luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone)

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12
Q

What is the broad function of luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

Steroid synthesis (steroidgenesis)

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13
Q

What is the broad function of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

Gamete production (gametogenesis)

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14
Q

What is the function of the gonads

A

To produce sex hormones (androgens, estrogen, and progesterone) and gametes

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15
Q

Where else to sex hormones come from

A

The adrenal cortex

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16
Q

What types of feedback do GnRH and LH/FSH operate on

A

Short and long loop negative feedback

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17
Q

Which sex produces which sex hormones

A

Both sexes produce all 3 (androgens, estrogen, and progesterone)

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18
Q

What use do androgens serve

A

The are converted in peripheral tissues to more potent DHT (dihydrotestosterone) by 5-alpha-reductase

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19
Q

What converts androgens to estrogens

A

Aromatase enzyme within both testes and ovaries

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20
Q

What 2 cells in the testes are involved in spermatogenesis

A

Leydig (interstitial) and sertoli

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21
Q

What do the leydig cells do

A

Receive LH and produce testosterone

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22
Q

What does androgen-binding protein do

A

Binds to testosterone to concentrate in lumen for spermatogenesis (because androgen is a steroid hormone and would otherwise diffuse through the membrane)

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23
Q

What controls male secondary sex characteristics

A

Androgens

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24
Q

What are primary sexual characteristics

A

Internal sexual organs and external genitalia

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25
Q

What are secondary sex characteristics

A

Traits (other than genitalia) that distinguish males from females (general body shape, muscle development pattern, body hair and beard, deep voice, and male sexual behavior/libido)

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26
Q

What are the two cycles of females reproduction

A

The ovarian (menstrual) cycle and the uterine cycle

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27
Q

What is the ovarian cycle

A

Changes within the follicles of the ovary (24-35 days, 28 day average)

28
Q

What is the uterine cycle

A

Changes within the endometrial lining of the uterus to prep for potential pregnancy

29
Q

What is the endometrium

A

The inner lining of the uterus

30
Q

What is the basic overview of the female reproductive cycle (7 steps)

A

1) Follicle develops
2) LH stimulates follicular thecal cells to produce androgens
3) FSH stimulates follicular granulose cells to convert androgens to estrogens
4) Estrogens stimulate follicle development and endometrium growth
5) Rapid estrogen rise leads to ovulation
6) Follicular cells become corpus luteum that secretes progesterone (tells uterus to prepare for implantation)
7) If no implantation, meses (endometrail lining sheds)

31
Q

What are the 3 phases of the ovarian (menstrual) cycle

A

Follicular phase, ovulation, and luteal phase

32
Q

What 3 broad things happen in the follicular phase

A

Follicle development, growth of granulosa cells (secrete estrogen), and oocyte maturation

33
Q

What broadly happens during ovulation

A

The mature follicle bursts to release the oocyte

34
Q

What broadly happens during the luteal phase

A

The ruptured follicle develops into the corpus lute and secretes progesterone and estrogen

35
Q

What are the 3 phases of the uterine cycle

A

Menses, proliferative phase, and secretory phase

36
Q

What is menses

A

If implantation doesn’t occur, the endometrium is shed causing the uterus to bleed

37
Q

What broadly happens during the proliferative phase

A

The endometrium thickens (develops more blood vessels) in preparation for pregnancy

38
Q

What broadly happens during the secretory phase

A

The corpus luteum secretes progesterone that promote implantation

39
Q

What does LH produces by the ovaries do in females

A

Received by thecal cells (similar to male Leydig cells) that will then secrete androgens

40
Q

What does FSH produced by the ovaries do in females

A

Stimulates follicular development because androgens produced by the thecal cells diffuse into granulosa cells (similar to male sertoli cells) and aromatase converts those androgens to estrogen

41
Q

What type of feedback to gonads have in females

A

Usually negative between GnRH, FSH, and LH, but becomes positive when estrogen rises rapidly above a threshold for 36 or more hours (days 12-14)

42
Q

What happens when gonadal steroid feedback in females changes to positive feedback

A

It stimulates LH release (LH surge) that triggers ovulation

43
Q

What is happening during days 0-7 of the female cycle

A

Beginning of the follicular phase in the ovarian cycle (follicle developing) and menses (endometrium shedding from previous pregnancy) in the uterine cycle

44
Q

What hormone control happens during early follicular phase

A

FSH stimulates follicular development (follicular granulosa cells produce estrogen), LH stimulates thecal cells to produce androgens (diffuses into granulosa cells where aromatase converts androgens into estrogen), and estrogen inhibits GnRH, LH, and FSH via negative feedback

45
Q

Where are thecal and granulosa cells on a developing follicle

A

Thecal cells are on the outside and granulosa cells are on the inside

46
Q

What is happening during days 7-14 of the female cycle

A

End of the follicular phase in the ovarian cycle (follicle mature, ready for ovulation and estrogen increasing), and the proliferative phase in the uterine cycle (endometrium grown to prepare for possible pregnancy)

47
Q

What hormonal control occurs in the late follicular phase

A

Rapid increase in estrogen changes from negative feedback to positive which increases the secretion of LH (LH surge) that triggers ovulation (basis for ovulation test)

48
Q

What hormonal control happens during ovulation

A

About 36 hours after the LH surge, the follicle ruptures and releases the mature oocyte (ovul), and the theca and granulosa cells of the follicle become luteal cells

49
Q

What happens during days 14-21 of the female cycle

A

Luteal phase of the ovarian cycle begins (corpus luteum forms from follicle and produces progesterone and some estrogen) and the secretory phase of the uterine cycle (endometrial secretions promote implantation of fertilized ovul)

50
Q

What hormonal control happens during the early to mid-luteal phase

A

Corpus luteum secretes progesterone and estrogen to exert negative feedback on hypothalamus (FSH and LH still low so that another follicle doesn’t develop while waiting for implantation), and the endometrium is stimulated by progesterone to further develop

51
Q

What happens during days 21-28 of the female cycle

A

Late luteal phase of the ovarian cycle (corpus luteum degenerates and stops hormone production) and secretory phase of the uterine cycle

52
Q

What hormonal control happens during late luteal phase

A

If no implantation, the corpus luteum degenerates (bc/ lack of progesterone kills endometrium), menses (sloughing of dead endometrium), and FSH and LH secretion resumes to start next cycle

53
Q

What happens after implantation of a fertilized egg

A

About 5-7 days after, the fertilized egg (blastocysts) secretes enzymes that allow it to burrow into the endometrial wall, the placenta develops to secrete human chronic gonadotropic (hCG), and hCG maintains corpus luteum which continues to secrete progesterone and estrogen

54
Q

What controls female secondary sex characteristics

A

Estrogen controls breast development and distribution of body fat, and adrenal androgen control growth of pubic and axillary (armpit) hair, and sex drive (libido)

55
Q

What are the 3 characteristics of fertilization

A

Egg can only be fertilized for 12-24 hours after ovulation, it normally happens in the distal Fallopian tube, and the blastocysts travels via cilia and implants into the uterine wall

56
Q

What is an ectopic pregnancy

A

Implantation occurs somewhere outside of the uterus (usually fallopian tube but can be body cavity) –> Non viable pregnancy

57
Q

What are the 5 kinds of contraceptives

A

Abstinence, sterilization, barrier methods, prevent implantation, and hormonal treatments

58
Q

What are the 2 kinds of abstinence

A

Total abstinence and the rhythm method (abstinence during periods of female fertility using calendar or body temp)

59
Q

When is female body temp increased in the female cycle

A

12-24 hours after ovulation

60
Q

What are the 2 kinds of sterilization

A

Tubal ligation (typing off and cutting Fallopian tubes) and vasectomy (tying and clipping vas deferens)

61
Q

How long does it take for a male to actually be sterile after receiving a vasectomy

A

About 3 months

62
Q

What are the 2 kinds of barrier contraceptives

A

Diaphragm/cervical cap or sponge for females, and condoms for males

63
Q

What contraceptives prevent implantation

A

Intrauterine devices (IUDs), copper can kill some sperm but fertilization can occur

64
Q

What are the 4 types of hormonal contraceptives

A

Oral contraceptives (usually progesterone/estrogen to mimic the luteal ovarian phase to prevent rise in LH and FSH), infections (Depo-Provera), vaginal contraceptive ring (NuvaRing), and the morning after pill (PlanB)

65
Q

How does PlanB work

A

Delays or prevents ovulation (not implantation, and it won’t disturb and implanted egg because it’s not an abortion pill)

66
Q

What are the most affective forms of contraception (<1%)

A

Injections, IUDs, sterilization, and total abstinence

Human Physiology (12 decks)

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