Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Human Physiology > Physiology and Homeostasis > Flashcards

Physiology and Homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

What is physiology

A

Study of the function of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What 7 levels of organization does physiology deal with

A

Molecules, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms, populations of one species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the 4 tissue types

A

Neural, muscle, epithelial, connective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is a teleological question

A

Why a system exists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is a mechanistic question

A

How a physiological event happens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are examples of regulated variables

A

Temperature, pH, ion concentrations, nutrient availability, etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is a set point

A

Ideal value/accepted value range for a regulated variable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is a stimulus for a control system

A

Deviation of the regulated variable from its set point

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does a sensor/sensory receptor do

A

Monitors and reports on regulated variable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does the integrator/integrating center do

A

Evaluates all inputs and sends instructions (what’s changing and how much)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are examples of integrators

A

Often neurons or endocrine cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does the target/effector do

A

Effects change/brings about physiological response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does the physiological response do

A

Brings the regulated variable back to its set point

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the 2 kinds of sensors

A

Central receptors and peripheral receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are central receptors

A

In or close to the brain (eyes, ears, nose and tongue)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are peripheral receptors

A

Outside the brain (chemoreceptors, osmoreceptors, thermoreceptors, baroreceptors, proprioceptors, and mechanoreceptors)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What peripheral receptors are involved in maintaining homeostasis

A

Chemoreceptors (pH, gases, chemicals), osmoreceptors (osmolarity), thermoreceptors (temperature), and baroreceptors (pressure)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is a feedforward response

A

In anticipation of change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is a feedback response

A

In response to change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What does a negative feedback response do

A

Restore the regulated variable back to its set point

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What does a positive feedback response do

A

Exacerbates the change of the regulated variable (very quickly)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What does the prefix hyper mean

A

Higher than normal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What does the prefix hypo mean

A

Lower than normal

24
Q

What are the 4 themes in physiology

A

Structure and function are closely related (compartimentation and molecular interactions), living organisms need energy, information flow coordinates body functions, and homeostasis maintains internal stability

25
Q

What are the 3 kinds of biological work

A

Chemical (making and breaking chemical bonds), mechanical (moving things - usually with motor proteins), and transport (moving things across cell or organelle membranes)

26
Q

What are the kinds of energy and what do they do

A

Kinetic (energy of movement), and potential (stored energy) allow the ability to do work

27
Q

What kinds of potential energy are there

A

Chemical bonds and gradients (concentration, electrical, and pressure)

28
Q

What are the 2 kinds of body fluid

A

Intracellular (2/3 of body fluid) and extracellular (plasma and interstitial/between different cells)

29
Q

What does the pneumonic “salty banana” highlight

A

Higher concentrations of K inside, higher concentrations of Na and Cl outside

30
Q

What factors affect how something is transported across the membrane

A

Physical (size and lipid solubility/polarity) and energy (with gradient or against)

31
Q

What are the types of transport

A

Passive (simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion/protein mediated) and active (vesicular transport and protein mediated)

32
Q

What is simple diffusion

A

Non polar molecules going high to low (gases, lipids, steroids)

33
Q

What is vesicular transport

A

Very large molecules (iron, antibodies, etc), endocytosis (selective/receptor mediated), and exocytosis (ongoing and regulated), uses motor molecules (myosin, kinesin, or dynein), and ATP for energy

34
Q

What is Fick’s Law

A

Rate of simple diffusion is proportional to surface area * concentration gradient * membrane permeability

Also deals with the distance something must travel

35
Q

What is the equation for membrane permeability

A

It’s proportional to lipid solubility/molecular size

36
Q

What molecules use protein mediated transport

A

Small polar molecules (ions, glucose, amino acids, water)

37
Q

What are channel proteins

A

Water filled pores (like doors) that directly link extracellular and intracellular compartments and can only mediate passive transport

38
Q

What are the types of channel proteins

A

Leakage (open) and gated (chemically/ligand, mechanically, or voltage regulated)

39
Q

What do carrier proteins do

A

Change conformation to carry molecules across membrane, slower but move larger molecules, use binding sites

40
Q

What are the types of carrier proteins

A

Unipoeters or cotransporters (symporters or antiporters)

41
Q

What do the binding sites for carrier proteins display

A

Specificity, competition, and saturation)

42
Q

What does the rate of transport for carrier proteins depend on

A

The gradient and the number of carriers (binding sites)

43
Q

How are carrier proteins involved in transportation against a gradient

A

Primary active (binds ATP directly), secondary active (uses energy stored in one concentration gradient to move something else)

44
Q

What are aquaporins and what do they do

A

Water channels that allow rapid movement of water across the membrane (facilitated diffusion)

45
Q

How is the amount of aquaporins changed

A

Inserted via vesicular transport (regulated by vasopressin hormone)

46
Q

What is osmolarity and what are it’s units

A

Solute concentration (mOsM/L) or (osmoles solute/kg water) for osmolality

47
Q

What is osmosis

A

Water moving across a membrane in response to unequal solute concentrations (when the solute is impermeable)

48
Q

What is edema

A

Too much fluid in tissues

49
Q

What does isosmotic mean

A

Equal number of solute particles/unit volume between two solutions

50
Q

What does hyperosmotic mean

A

More particles/unit volume in one solution compared to another

51
Q

What does hyposmotic mean

A

Fewer particles/unit volume in one solution compared to another

52
Q

What is tonicity

A

Prediction of water movement into/out of cells (depends on concentration of non penetrating solutes), and change in cell volume

53
Q

What does isotonic mean

A

Cell size doesn’t change

54
Q

What does hypotonic mean

A

Cell swells because it is hyperosmotic to the solvent

55
Q

What does hypertonic mean

A

Cell shrinks because the cell is hyposmotic to the solvent

Human Physiology (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions