Physiology and Homeostasis

Question 1

What is physiology

Answer 1

Study of the function of the body

Question 2

What 7 levels of organization does physiology deal with

Answer 2

Molecules, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms, populations of one species

Question 3

What are the 4 tissue types

Answer 3

Neural, muscle, epithelial, connective

Question 4

What is a teleological question

Answer 4

Why a system exists

Question 5

What is a mechanistic question

Answer 5

How a physiological event happens

Question 6

What are examples of regulated variables

Answer 6

Temperature, pH, ion concentrations, nutrient availability, etc

Question 7

What is a set point

Answer 7

Ideal value/accepted value range for a regulated variable

Question 8

What is a stimulus for a control system

Answer 8

Deviation of the regulated variable from its set point

Question 9

What does a sensor/sensory receptor do

Answer 9

Monitors and reports on regulated variable

Question 10

What does the integrator/integrating center do

Answer 10

Evaluates all inputs and sends instructions (what’s changing and how much)

Question 11

What are examples of integrators

Answer 11

Often neurons or endocrine cells

Question 12

What does the target/effector do

Answer 12

Effects change/brings about physiological response

Question 13

What does the physiological response do

Answer 13

Brings the regulated variable back to its set point

Question 14

What are the 2 kinds of sensors

Answer 14

Central receptors and peripheral receptors

Question 15

What are central receptors

Answer 15

In or close to the brain (eyes, ears, nose and tongue)

Question 16

What are peripheral receptors

Answer 16

Outside the brain (chemoreceptors, osmoreceptors, thermoreceptors, baroreceptors, proprioceptors, and mechanoreceptors)

Question 17

What peripheral receptors are involved in maintaining homeostasis

Answer 17

Chemoreceptors (pH, gases, chemicals), osmoreceptors (osmolarity), thermoreceptors (temperature), and baroreceptors (pressure)

Question 18

What is a feedforward response

Answer 18

In anticipation of change

Question 19

What is a feedback response

Answer 19

In response to change

Question 20

What does a negative feedback response do

Answer 20

Restore the regulated variable back to its set point

Question 21

What does a positive feedback response do

Answer 21

Exacerbates the change of the regulated variable (very quickly)

Question 22

What does the prefix hyper mean

Answer 22

Higher than normal

Question 23

What does the prefix hypo mean

Answer 23

Lower than normal

Question 24

What are the 4 themes in physiology

Answer 24

Structure and function are closely related (compartimentation and molecular interactions), living organisms need energy, information flow coordinates body functions, and homeostasis maintains internal stability

Question 25

What are the 3 kinds of biological work

Answer 25

Chemical (making and breaking chemical bonds), mechanical (moving things - usually with motor proteins), and transport (moving things across cell or organelle membranes)

Question 26

What are the kinds of energy and what do they do

Answer 26

Kinetic (energy of movement), and potential (stored energy) allow the ability to do work

Question 27

What kinds of potential energy are there

Answer 27

Chemical bonds and gradients (concentration, electrical, and pressure)

Question 28

What are the 2 kinds of body fluid

Answer 28

Intracellular (2/3 of body fluid) and extracellular (plasma and interstitial/between different cells)

Question 29

What does the pneumonic “salty banana” highlight

Answer 29

Higher concentrations of K inside, higher concentrations of Na and Cl outside

Question 30

What factors affect how something is transported across the membrane

Answer 30

Physical (size and lipid solubility/polarity) and energy (with gradient or against)

Question 31

What are the types of transport

Answer 31

Passive (simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion/protein mediated) and active (vesicular transport and protein mediated)

Question 32

What is simple diffusion

Answer 32

Non polar molecules going high to low (gases, lipids, steroids)

Question 33

What is vesicular transport

Answer 33

Very large molecules (iron, antibodies, etc), endocytosis (selective/receptor mediated), and exocytosis (ongoing and regulated), uses motor molecules (myosin, kinesin, or dynein), and ATP for energy

Question 34

What is Fick’s Law

Answer 34

Rate of simple diffusion is proportional to surface area * concentration gradient * membrane permeability Also deals with the distance something must travel

Question 35

What is the equation for membrane permeability

Answer 35

It’s proportional to lipid solubility/molecular size

Question 36

What molecules use protein mediated transport

Answer 36

Small polar molecules (ions, glucose, amino acids, water)

Question 37

What are channel proteins

Answer 37

Water filled pores (like doors) that directly link extracellular and intracellular compartments and can only mediate passive transport

Question 38

What are the types of channel proteins

Answer 38

Leakage (open) and gated (chemically/ligand, mechanically, or voltage regulated)

Question 39

What do carrier proteins do

Answer 39

Change conformation to carry molecules across membrane, slower but move larger molecules, use binding sites

Question 40

What are the types of carrier proteins

Answer 40

Unipoeters or cotransporters (symporters or antiporters)

Question 41

What do the binding sites for carrier proteins display

Answer 41

Specificity, competition, and saturation)

Question 42

What does the rate of transport for carrier proteins depend on

Answer 42

The gradient and the number of carriers (binding sites)

Question 43

How are carrier proteins involved in transportation against a gradient

Answer 43

Primary active (binds ATP directly), secondary active (uses energy stored in one concentration gradient to move something else)

Question 44

What are aquaporins and what do they do

Answer 44

Water channels that allow rapid movement of water across the membrane (facilitated diffusion)

Question 45

How is the amount of aquaporins changed

Answer 45

Inserted via vesicular transport (regulated by vasopressin hormone)

Question 46

What is osmolarity and what are it's units

Answer 46

Solute concentration (mOsM/L) or (osmoles solute/kg water) for osmolality

Question 47

What is osmosis

Answer 47

Water moving across a membrane in response to unequal solute concentrations (when the solute is impermeable)

Question 48

What is edema

Answer 48

Too much fluid in tissues

Question 49

What does isosmotic mean

Answer 49

Equal number of solute particles/unit volume between two solutions

Question 50

What does hyperosmotic mean

Answer 50

More particles/unit volume in one solution compared to another

Question 51

What does hyposmotic mean

Answer 51

Fewer particles/unit volume in one solution compared to another

Question 52

What is tonicity

Answer 52

Prediction of water movement into/out of cells (depends on concentration of non penetrating solutes), and change in cell volume

Question 53

What does isotonic mean

Answer 53

Cell size doesn't change

Question 54

What does hypotonic mean

Answer 54

Cell swells because it is hyperosmotic to the solvent

Question 55

What does hypertonic mean

Answer 55

Cell shrinks because the cell is hyposmotic to the solvent