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Human Physiology > Cardiovascular System Pt.2 > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Pt.2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is flow proportional to

A

The pressure gradient / Resistance

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2
Q

What is resistance proportional to

A

1/radius^4

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3
Q

Where is pressure the highest

A

In the aorta (decreases with distance due to resistance)

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4
Q

What is the key property/role of arterioles

A

Alter their diameter (paracrine factors, ANS) to vary vascular resistance and regulate the flow/distribution of blood to tissues

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5
Q

What is the key property/role of capillaries

A

Exchange of nutrients, wastes, etc. between blood and cells

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6
Q

What is the key property/role of veins

A

Compliance (less elastic and expand easier) that serve as a volume reservoir (~60% of blood here) –> Venous return (SNS and venoconstriction)

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7
Q

What do the right and left heart do

A

Each side functions as an independent pump

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8
Q

What is the key property/role of arteries

A

Elasticity (expansion and recoil) that maintains driving pressure

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9
Q

What is the key property/role of venules

A

To collect blood from capillaries

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10
Q

Where is blood primarily distributed during rest

A

To the liver and kidneys

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11
Q

What allows for variations in blood flow

A

Parallel arrangement of arterioles and changes in their diameter (vasoconstriction or dilation)

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12
Q

What is muscle tone of arterioles

A

How constricted or dilated they are

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13
Q

Which blood vessel has the thinnest walls

A

Capillaries

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14
Q

What is capillary density related to

A

The metabolic activity of cells (more capillaries where more energy and nutrients is required)

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15
Q

Which blood vessels have elastic tissue

A

Arteries (most) and veins

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16
Q

Which blood vessels have smooth muscle

A

Arteries, arterioles, and veins

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17
Q

Which blood vessels have fibrous muscle

A

Arteries, venules, and veins

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18
Q

Where is velocity of blood flow the lowest and why

A

Capillaries because they have a large cross-sectional area (lots of them) and it allows more opportunities for exchange

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19
Q

What is transcytosis

A

Moving things across cells using blood vessels –> Combination of endocytosis, vesicular transport, and exocytosis

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20
Q

How is most solute exchanged

A

Small dissolved solutes and gases move by simple or facilitated diffusion, and the larger solutes or proteins move by vesicular transport

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21
Q

What is bulk flow of blood comprised of

A

Filtration and absorption

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22
Q

What is filtration

A

Net flow from plasma to interstitial fluid

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23
Q

What is absorption

A

Net flow from interstitial fluid into plasma

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24
Q

What is net filtration pressure (NFP)

A

Hydrostatic pressure (Ph) - colloid osmotic pressure (*pi)

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25
Q

What is hydrostatic pressure

A

Blood pressure (MAP) that pushes water and solutes out of capillaries

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26
Q

What is colloid osmotic pressure

A

Due to plasma proteins, pulls water and solutes into capillary

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27
Q

What is the lymphatic system and what are its 3 functions

A

Vessels and nodes that returns filtered fluid and proteins to blood, filters out pathogens (at nodes), and absorbs fat in the small intestine

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28
Q

What is blood pressure

A

The pressure exerted by blood on walls of blood vessels

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29
Q

What does systolic pressure represent

A

Blood pressure during ventricular systole

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30
Q

What does diastolic pressure represent

A

Blood pressure during ventricular diastole

31
Q

What is pulse pressure

A

Systolic - diastolic pressure

32
Q

What does pulse pressure represent

A

The overall strength of the pressure wave (high-low)

33
Q

What is mean arterial pressure (MAP)

A

Diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure

34
Q

What does MAP reflect and indicate

A

The average driving pressure for blood flow to tissues that indicates if there’s enough pressure to diffuse all organs

35
Q

Why is MAP closer to diastolic pressure than systolic pressure

A

Because diastole usually lasts twice as long as systole

36
Q

What is MAP proportional to

A

Cardiac output (CO) * Total peripheral resistance (TPR)

37
Q

What determines cardiac output

A

Stroke volume (SV) * Heart rate (HR)

38
Q

What is total peripheral resistance

A

Resistance to flow offered by arterioles (variable)

39
Q

What causes venoconstriction and what is the end effect

A

SNS uses NE/E to bind to alpha receptors and decrease diameter of veins, increasing venous return and MAP

40
Q

What causes venodilation and what is the end effect

A

SNS uses NE/E to bind to beta-2 receptors, increasing vein diameter, decreasing venous return, and decreasing MAP

41
Q

What determines stroke volume

A

Force of contraction in the ventricular myocardium (influenced by contractility and EDV)

42
Q

What increases venous return

A

Venoconstriction, skeletal muscle pump, and respiratory muscle pump

43
Q

What affect does blood volume have on MAP

A

Proportional

44
Q

Where is blood pressure controlled

A

Cardiovascular system (rapid) and kidneys (slower)

45
Q

What influences arterial resistance

A

SNS, hormones, and local control

46
Q

How is the diameter of arterioles related to MAP

A

It is an inverse relationship

47
Q

Why do arterioles need local control

A

For tissues to regulate their own blood supply instead of the entire body’s (e.g. when you cut your finger, it vasoconstrictor)

48
Q

What 7 signals are used for local control of arterioles

A

Paracrine signals (NO, histamine, and active hyperemia, O2, CO2, H+, adenosine)

49
Q

What is histamine and what does it do

A

Immune allergy response that causes local vasodilation of arterioles

50
Q

What does active hyperemia do

A

Increase blood flow due to increased metabolic activity (decreased Oxygen, increased CO2, H+, and adenosine)

51
Q

Is arteriolar resistance under antagonistic or tonic control

A

Tonic (only innervated by SNS –> ongoing/tonic release of NE/E)

52
Q

Do the beta-2 receptors on arterioles affect systemic BP

A

No, it only comes into play in fight-or-flight states because its innervated by the SNS (changes blood flow to heart, liver, and skeletal muscle)

53
Q

What types of receptors do arterioles have

A

Alpha-adrenergic for BP variance (more stimulation = vasoconstriction, less stimulation = vasodilation) and beta-2 for stress states and directing blood flow

54
Q

What pathway is activated when NE/E binds to alpha-adrenergic receptors on arterioles

A

PLC

55
Q

What makes up the cardiovascular control system and what does it do

A

Medulla oblongata coordinates reflex control of BP, distribution of blood to tissues, and HR

56
Q

What is the main goal of the CVS control system

A

To maintain MAP and ensure adequate blood flow

57
Q

What are baroreceptors

A

Stretch-sensitive mechanoreceptors

58
Q

Where are baroreceptors located

A

Carotid arteries (blood to brain) and aorta (blood to the rest of the body)

59
Q

Is the baroreceptor reflex response tonic or phasic and what kind of control does it exert

A

Tonically active, exerts antagonistic control

60
Q

What is cardiovascular disease

A

Any disease that affects the heart and/or blood vessels

61
Q

What are the 3 most common types of CVD

A

Coronary heart/artery disease, high blood pressure (hypertension), and cardiac arrest

62
Q

What is coronary heart/artery disease

A

Blood flow to the myocardium is decreased due to fatty deposits (plaques cause atherosclerosis that narrows the lumen of coronary arteries and increases BP)

63
Q

What are the consequences of CVD

A

Stroke or heart attack which can lead to death, long-term disability, or inability to work

64
Q

What is a stroke

A

Blood flow stopped or interrupted

65
Q

What are the steps in atherosclerosis

A

LDL (fatty streak) causes inflammation and narrowing (stable fibrous plaque), that then forms a clot (vulnerable plaque)

66
Q

How often does the risk of CVD double looking at BP

A

With each 20/10 mmHg increase

67
Q

What is essential hypertension

A

No clear cause other than heredity, mostly associated with increased peripheral resistance, and an adaptation of baroreceptors (less sensitive to stimuli)

68
Q

What is the purpose of hemostasis

A

To stop blood loss from damaged vessels until reparation occurs (opposite of hemorrhage)

69
Q

What are the 3 main phases of hemostasis

A

Vascular, platelet activation, and coagulation cascade

70
Q

What happens once a blood vessels is repaired

A

Fibrinolysis (the clot is dissolved)

71
Q

What happens in the 1st phase of hemostasis

A

Vasoconstriction in response to paracrine released by endothelium decreases pressure and flow to minimize blood loss as well as allow the initial plug to form

72
Q

What happens in phase 2 of hemostasis

A

Platelets bind to exposed collagen and become activated (release platelet factors called cytokines to recruit more platelets and increase their stickiness) that results in platelet aggregation (platelet plug is a temporary blockage)

73
Q

What happens in the last phase of hemostasis

A

Exposed collagen and tissue factor (from damaged cells) start forming fibrin protein mesh that stabilizes the platelet plug to form a clot (fibrin meshes with trapped RBCs) via the coagulation cascade

74
Q

What happens during fibrinolysis

A

Cell growth and tissue repair from fibroblasts and endothelial cells while plasmin from liver dissolves fibrin into fragments

Human Physiology (12 decks)

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