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Human Physiology > Communication, Integration, and Homeostasis > Flashcards

Communication, Integration, and Homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 key control systems for coordinating body function

A

Endocrine and nervous

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2
Q

What are the different kinds of signals utilized in the body

A

Local and long distance, and chemical and electrical

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3
Q

What are the characteristics of intercellular communication

A

Cell-to-cell, local, utilizes gap junctions (channels from cytoplasm to cytoplasm), and can be juxtacrine, autocrine, or paracrine

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4
Q

What does juxtacrine mean

A

Secretes alongside, i.e. contact-dependent communication (interaction between membrane molecules on each cell)

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5
Q

What does autocrine mean

A

Self-secreting, i.e. cell sends a signal back to itself

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6
Q

What does paracrine mean

A

Secreting nearby, i.e. the cell sends a signal to another nearby cell

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7
Q

What is a hormone

A

A substance secreted by an endocrine cell into the blood

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8
Q

What is an example of long distance communication via endocrine cells

A

Hormones

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9
Q

What is a neurocrine

A

A substance secreted by a hormone

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10
Q

What are the 3 types of neurocrines

A

Neurohormones (secreted into the blood), neurotransmitters (released onto neighboring cells - paracrine), and neuromodulators (modify the response of cells)

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11
Q

What are excitable cells

A

Cells that use electrical signals to communicate with other cells in the body (Neurons, endocrine cells, muscle cells)

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12
Q

What are electrical signals

A

Changes in membrane potential

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13
Q

What is the average membrane potential for a cell

A

-65 mV

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14
Q

What is membrane potential

A

Electrical potential difference = Vm = voltage = stored energy (based on charge separation at the membrane, inside relative to outside)

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15
Q

What does membrane potential depend on

A

Total ion concentrations (each ion’s preference) and selective membrane permeability (number of leakage channels)

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16
Q

What are the two forces ions are subject to

A

Chemical/diffusional (based on concentration), and electrical (based on ionic charge/valence versus the charge on membrane)

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17
Q

What is electrochemical equilibrium

A

When the chemical and electrical forces are equal and opposite for an ion species

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18
Q

What is equilibrium potential (Ex)

A

The electrical force needed to counterbalance the chemical force (What the ion wants the membrane potential to be)

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19
Q

What does E(x) depend on

A

Concentrations of an ion species across the membrane and the ions charge or valance

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20
Q

What equation can be used to calculate E(x)

A

Nernst equation

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21
Q

What is E(K)

A

-90mV

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22
Q

What is E(Na)

A

+60 mV

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23
Q

What is E(Cl)

A

-63 mV

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24
Q

What is E(Ca)

A

+240 mV

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25
Q

What ion is the membrane most permeable to

A

K

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26
Q

What equation approximates Vm

A

Vm proportional to pK(Ek) + pNa(ENa) + pCl(ECl)

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27
Q

What equation can be used to calculated Vm

A

Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz (GHK) Equation

28
Q

How are concentration gradients maintained over time

A

Active transporters (Na/K ATPase)
–> If not working, Vm would change very slowly over time

29
Q

What changes during electrical signaling

A

Permeability (gated channels), NOT CONCENTRATION (because bulk of ions don’t affect Vm)

30
Q

What are the 3 kinds of gated channels

A

Chemically-gated (neurotransmitter, hormone, or phosphate), mechanically-gated, or voltage-gated (because proteins making up channels have polar amino acids)

31
Q

What is depolarization

A

Getting more positive

32
Q

What is hyperpolarization

A

Getting more negative

33
Q

What is repolarization

A

Returning to Vrest

34
Q

What is a ligand

A

A chemical used for signaling purposes

35
Q

What features do receptors exhibit

A

Specificity, competition, and saturation

36
Q

What are the 3 kinds of membrane proteins that facilitate signal transduction

A

Receptor-channel (gated channels), GPCRs, and catalytic receptors

37
Q

What are the 2 kinds of catalytic receptors

A

Receptor-enzyme and integrin receptors

38
Q

What is the fastest membrane protein for signal transduction

A

Receptor-channels

39
Q

What is the most common membrane protein for signal transduction

A

GPCRs

40
Q

What is signal transduction

A

Moving information from one side of the membrane to another using membrane proteins (ligand doesn’t cross membrane but binds to receptors)

41
Q

What is a signal transduction pathway

A

What happens between a ligand binding to a receptor and the cellular response occuring

42
Q

What is always the 1st messenger

A

Ligand

43
Q

What converts information to another form in a signal transduction pathway

A

The transducer/receptor

44
Q

What are examples of cellular responses

A

Change in Vm, exocytosis of secretory vesicles, altered enzyme activity, movement of motor proteins, and gene activity/protein synthesis

45
Q

What can receptors activate

A

Ion channels, protein kinases, phosphatases, or amplifier enzymes

46
Q

What do protein kinases do

A

Phosphorylate proteins

47
Q

What do phosphatases do

A

Dephosphorylate proteins

48
Q

What 3 things can 2nd messengers do

A

Activate gated ion channels, increase intracellular Ca, or alter enzyme activity

49
Q

What determines a cell’s response to a ligand

A

Presence/absence of that ligand’s receptor and what type of internal signal pathway that cell has

50
Q

What are GPCRs

A

G-protein coupled receptors, membrane-spanning proteins with extracellular binding site, and a cytoplasmic tail linked to a G protein (transducer molecule with three parts)

51
Q

What are the two most common amplifier enzymes

A

Adenyl (anedylyl, adenylate) cyclase and phospholipase C

52
Q

When a G protein is activated what happens

A

It undergoes a conformational change that makes it swap out GDP for GTP

53
Q

What are the steps of the cAMP pathway

A

Ligand (1st messenger) binds to GPCR (transducer), activates G protein, activates adenyl cyclase (amplifier enzyme), creates cAMP (2nd messenger), activates protein kinase A (amplifier enzyme), phosphorylates proteins

54
Q

What does adenyl cyclase do

A

Converts ATP into cAMP

55
Q

What do phosphodiesterases do

A

Break down cAMP

56
Q

What stops signal transduction

A

Inherent GTPase activity (shuts off G protein), phosphodiesterase, and phosphatases

57
Q

What happens in the phospholipase C system

A

Ligand binds, g protein activated, PL-C activated, membrane bound DAG is broken into PK-C (protein kinase C) which phosphorylates proteins and IP3 (Inositol triphosphate) which binds to the ER to release stored Ca

58
Q

What can adrenergic receptors bind to

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

59
Q

What does catecholamines mean

A

Similar in structure

60
Q

What is a difference between epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

Epinephrine is released as a hormone, while norepinephrine is released as a neurotransmitter or neuromodulator

61
Q

What is another word for receptor types

A

Receptor isoforms

62
Q

What are agonists and antagonists

A

Exogenous ligands that bind to a receptor to produce the same response or block the endogenous ligand from binding

63
Q

What is upregulation

A

Increase in cell response by increasing the number of receptors (endocytosis of receptors)

64
Q

What is downregulation

A

Decrease in cell response by decreasing the number of receptors (via exocytosis) or altering how the receptors can bind (via phosphorylation)

65
Q

What is tonic control

A

Like a switch, relation is either up or down (increase vs decrease, more or less)

66
Q

What is antagonistic control

A

Balance between inputs from systems (like the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)

67
Q

Is tonic or antagonistic control faster

A

Antagonistic

Human Physiology (12 decks)

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