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Human Physiology > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What can hormones control

A

Rate of enzymatic reactions, transport of ions/molecules across membranes, and gene expression/synthesis of proteins

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1
Q

What types of ligands have cytoplasmic/nuclear receptors

A

Small, non polar, lipophilic, steroid-like ligands

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2
Q

What are the features of the endocrine system and hormones

A

One gland/tissue may secrete multiple hormones, but one cell usually only makes one kind of hormone

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3
Q

What is typically the largest endocrine gland in the body

A

Adipose tissue

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4
Q

What are endocrine disruptors

A

Exogenous mimics (antagonists)

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5
Q

What is the half-life of a hormone

A

How long it takes for the concentration to decrease by 1/2

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6
Q

What 2 organs are mainly responsible for inactivating or removing hormones

A

The kidneys and the liver

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7
Q

What is a chaperone protein

A

A protein that binds to hormones in the blood (that hormone can’t leave) to prevent it from degradingW

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8
Q

What are the 3 kinds of hormones

A

Peptide, steroid, amine (act peptide or steroid-like)

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9
Q

How are peptide hormones made

A

Synthesis similar to other proteins (mRNA, RER, Golgi)
mRNA translates into preprohormone, modified into prohormone, signal peptide sequence removed, folded into hormone

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10
Q

What is a preprohormone

A

A string of amino acids translated by the ribosome

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11
Q

Where are peptide hormones kept before release

A

Secretory vesicles

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12
Q

What are the characteristics of peptide hormones

A

Most common, water soluble (lipophobic/hydrophilic), bind to surface membrane receptors, short 1/2 life (seconds to minutes), rapid effects (must be secreted continually for long-lasting effects), released on demand

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13
Q

What are the characteristics of steroid hormones

A

Cholesterol-derived (lipophilic/hydrophobic), have protein carriers/chaperones, can’t be stored, made on demand (RER and mitochondria) based on rate of release because released immediately, only made in a few organs, longer 1/2 life, cytoplasmic or nuclear receptors (mostly)

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14
Q

What determines whether a cell can make a particular hormone

A

What enzymes it has

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15
Q

What type of effects do steroid hormones have

A

Slower acting, longer lasting, usually genomic/altering gene expression and protein synthesis

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16
Q

What are the two amino acids amine hormones come from

A

Tryptophan (makes melatonin in pineal gland), and tyrosine (makes catecholamines and thyroid hormones)

17
Q

What amine hormone is peptide-like

A

Catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine)

18
Q

Which amine hormones are steroid-like

A

Melatonin and thyroid hormones

19
Q

What is 1 difference between steroid hormones and thyroid hormones

A

Thyroid hormones are made in advance and kept in secretory vesicles

20
Q

What is characteristic of a simple endocrine pathway

A

Endocrine cell directly senses stimulus, integrates, and responds by secreting its hormones (no neurons)

21
Q

What are 2 examples of a simple endocrine pathway

A

Parathyroid glands and pancreas (insulin and glucagon)

22
Q

What are the characteristics of a complex endocrine pathway

A

Hypothalamic-pituitary (HP) axes have 3 integrating centers

23
Q

What are the 3 integrating centers in an HP axis

A

Hypothalamus (neural), pituitary (master controller of ES), and endocrine gland/target of pituitary hormone)

24
Q

What does the hypothalamus do

A

Links NS to ES, receives and integrates info about body’s homeostasis, and uses that info to control the secretion of pituitary hormones

25
Q

What are the 2 parts of the pituitary gland

A

Posterior is extension of hypothalamus (neural tissue), and anterior is endocrine gland made of epithelial tissue

26
Q

What does the posterior pituitary gland secrete

A

Vasopressin and oxytocin (neurohormones)

27
Q

What is a tropic hormone

A

A hormone that controls the secretion of another hormone

28
Q

What are the 6 tropic hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary

A

Prolactin, growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone (thyrotropin), adrenocorticotropic hormone (corticotropin), and gonadotropins (luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone)

29
Q

What are the releasing hormones

A

Short peptides stores in hypothalamic cells, released into median eminence, TRH, RH (GHRH), Gonadotropin RH (GRH/GnRH), PRF, and CRH

30
Q

What connects the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary and why

A

A portal system (2 capillary beds) to avoid dilution

31
Q

How is hormone release regulated

A

Long-loop feedback (hormone goes to pituitary and hypothalamus), and short-loop feedback (pituitary hormone goes to hypothalamus)

32
Q

Which feedback loop holds more weight in terms of controlling hormone release

A

Long-loop feedback

33
Q

What are the 2 regions of the adrenal gland

A

Cortex (true endocrine gland that secretes 3 kinds of hormones), and the medulla (modified sympathetic ganglion/nervous tissue) that secretes catecholamines (mostly epinephrine) due to sympathetic nervous system

34
Q

What 3 major kinds of steroid hormones does the adrenal cortex secrete

A

Mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids (slower, longer lasting, e.g cortisol), and sex hormones (a little)

35
Q

What is synergism

A

When the sum of 2 hormones efforts is more than the simple sum of each hormone on its own

36
Q

What is permissiveness

A

When 1 hormone (which doesn’t have an effect) is necessary to allow the other to have a full affect

37
Q

What is antagonism in hormone interactions

A

When 2 hormones have opposite effects

38
Q

What is hypersecretion and how is it usually caused

A

Hormone excess caused by tumors/cancer and autoimmune diseases where antibodies bind and activate receptors in the body

39
Q

What is hypo secretion and how is it caused (endocrine system)

A

Hormone deficiency caused by decreased synthesis or damage of a gland

40
Q

What are the 3 endocrine pathologies

A

Hypersecretion, hypo secretion, or abnormal responsiveness of target tissue to hormones (caused by changes in receptors by phosphorylation, etc. or 2nd messenger)

41
Q

What are the classifications of endocrine pathologies

A

Primary (endocrine gland dysfunction), secondary (pituitary dysfunction), or tertiary (hypothalamus dysfunction)

Human Physiology (12 decks)

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